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InleidingChristian Science, 'n inheemse Christelike denominasie, is gestig deur Mary Baker Eddy, wat die grondtekste geskryf het van die godsdienstige en mediese sekte, die Church of Christ, Scientist. Wetenskaplike, wat in omstredenheid oor Eddy se gesag as outeur van hul genesingspraktyke en leerstellings ingeburger is, bied sedert 1879 soekers en aanhangers 'n alternatief vir gevestigde godsdiens en ortodokse medisyne.Vroeë kerkMary Baker Eddy, wat gebrekkig was aan gesondheid, het in 1862 hulp gesoek by die geestesgeneesheer Phineas Parkhurst Quimby van Portland, Maine. in 1866 het Eddy 'n uitmergelende ongeluk opgedoen. Die gebeurtenis was gekoppel aan die begin van die Christelike Wetenskap. Terwyl haar studie van die Bybel die volgende paar jaar voortduur, het Eddy ander begin leer oor 'n genesende konsep wat nie 'n magnetiese krag of 'n verstand is nie, soos Quimby geleer het. Kort na haar eerste boek oor Die Wetenskap van die mens en voor die eerste uitgawe van Wetenskap en gesondheid met die sleutel tot die Skrif, Ontvang Eddy 'n ontslagbrief van die Congregational Church waarvan sy 'n lewenslange lid was.In 1876 organiseer Eddy 'n genootskap van studente in Massachusetts wat die Christian Science Association word. In 1883 verskyn die eerste uitgawe van die Tydskrif vir Christelike Wetenskap is gepubliseer, en in 1886 is 'n vereniging vir inwoners van nie-Massachusetts, genaamd die National Christian Scientist Association, gestig.Die kerk herorganiseerTwyfel aan die stabiliteit van die struktuur waaronder die kerk georganiseer is, ontbind Eddy die kerk, kollege en die vereniging en draai die Tydskrif oor na die vereniging. Sy herorganiseer die kerk in 1892 en herwin die Tydskrif. Die First Church of Christ, Scientist, van Boston, ook bekend as "die Moederkerk", is streng beheer deur Eddy en 'n selfbestendige raad van direkteure wat sy tot stand gebring het. Eddy het teruggetrek uit die kerk om die res van haar dae uit te leef as die heilige wat aanhangers gedink het. Toe Eddy in 1919 sterf, het sy die meerderheid van haar boedel van $ 2,5 miljoen aan die kerk oorgelaat, wat tot byna 100 000 lidmate gegroei het.Oortuigings en praktykeSoos geskryf in die 'gemagtigde uitgawe' van Wetenskap en gesondheid met die sleutel tot die Skrif, Christen -aanhangers ondersteun die volgende oortuigings:
Aanhangers van die Christelike Wetenskap het oortuigings wat óf kontroversieel óf ketters is vir ortodokse Christelike kerke. Aanhangers herdefinieer Christelike terminologie radikaal - bv. die Heilige Gees is goddelike wetenskap - deur die allegoriseringsproses te gebruik. Hulle verwerp ten sterkste enige verbintenis met die New Thought Movement, wat begin het as 'n uitvloeisel van Quimby se leerstellings oor genesing. Hulle het sterk oortuigings wat in stryd is met die tradisionele Christelike leerstellings rakende die Drie -eenheid, die unieke godheid van Jesus en die versoening vir sonde en die skepping daarvan. van Jesus Christus. Waar hulle afwyk, is dat iemand deur die Christus 'gered' is, wat nie net in Jesus, maar ook in ander, aangetoon word. Hulle maak 'n onderskeid tussen die menslike Jesus en 'n 'ewige, geestelike selfheid, Christus, Seun van God'. Hierdie egoïsme is deur die geskiedenis deur individue tot uitdrukking gebring.Hulle oortuigings verskil ook daarin dat aanhangers glo in wat hulle die 'allness of God' noem, dat alles binne God leef. As gevolg van hierdie oortuiging sien hulle nie dat siekte, sonde of dood deel uitmaak van die werklikheid nie. Bose word ook nie deur Christus verslaan nie, maar as onwerklik bewys - behalwe vir jou eie geloof daarin. Hulle beklemtoon ook nie -persoonlike eienskappe van God as beginsel, verstand, lewe, waarheid en liefde. Alhoewel hulle God as Vader erken, word daar nie veel klem gelê op die aspek nie.Geestelikes en organisasieElke gemeente het verkose beamptes en word demokraties beheer. Beamptes moet lede van die "Moederkerk" wees en is dus onder die gesag van die Moederkerk se raad. Die direkteure verseker die volgehoue nakoming van die oorspronklike leer uit Wetenskap en gesondheid met die sleutel tot die Skrif en die Kerkhandleiding. Die direksie is ook verantwoordelik vir die toesig oor die verskillende organisasies van die kerk, insluitend hul groot uitgewersfirma, sowel as al hul onderwysers en praktisyns. Elke gemeente word gelei deur sy 'Eerste Leser'. Daar bestaan geen afsonderlike bediening in die kerk nie. Om 'n geneser te word, moet 'n aanhanger 'n intensiewe twee-weekse "Primêre" opleidingsklas bywoon, onderrig deur 'n onderwyser wat uit die aktiewe praktisyns van die gemeente gekies word. Elke gemeente is verantwoordelik vir die bedryf van ten minste een leeskamer, waar Christelike wetenskap materiaal beskikbaar is vir die publiek.KontroversiesSedert sy ontstaan, het die Kerk van Christus, Wetenskaplike in kontroversie gewikkel geraak. Die meeste daarvan spruit uit die leerstellings van Mary Baker Eddy en die oorsprong daarvan. Die doeltreffendheid van sy praktyke het ook geskille veroorsaak binne en buite die kerk. Voordat die eerste Christian Science -kerk in 1889 ontbind is, beweer voormalige studente van Quimby - Julius en Annetta Dresser van Boston, Massachusetts - dat Eddy Quimby se leerstellings oor geestelike genesing verdraai het. Sommige van Eddy se voormalige studente het in 'n bittere aanval op haar saamgewerk met die Dressers. Eddy en haar latere studente beweer dat die verdraaiings eintlik die unieke ontdekkings van Eddy was en die gevolg was van haar eie navorsing en begrip. Lede van die "New Thought" -beweging, waarvan sommige voormalige Eddy -studente was, het haar genesingspraktyke gebruik om mee te ding, wat tot verdere twis gelei het.In die 1980's het Christian Science die "elektroniese kerk" -tydperk betree met die aankoop van lugtyd vir 'n maandelikse halfuur televisieproduksie, gevolg deur 'n nagtelike halfuur nuusprogram op 'n kabel-TV-kanaal. Hulle het ook 'n kabel -TV -stasie gekoop om hul programme, 'n kortgolfradiostasie en 'n gesindikeerde radioproduksie op National Public Radio te vervaardig. Kontroversie oor die onwettige toewysing van die fondse uit 'n trust het regsgedinge veroorsaak wat hulle tot die rand van bankrotskap gedryf het.Die kerk is gered deur 'n erfenis van $ 90 miljoen van die Knapp -trust wat die publikasie van Bliss Knapp's behels Die lot van die moederkerk - wat verdere omstredenheid veroorsaak het. Die trustees het daarop aangedring dat die boek as 'gemagtigde literatuur' gepubliseer word, maar kerklike amptenare het Knapp voorheen gekritiseer omdat hy op verskeie punte van Eddy se leer afwyk. Uiteindelik het die kerk slegs die helfte van die oorspronklike bedrag ontvang as gevolg van betalings vir regsgedinge wat afkomstig was van alternatiewe trustees na Knapp se boedel. van direkteure vir finansiële wanbestuur. Die saak is uiteindelik deur die Hooggeregshof in Massachusetts uitgewis, maar interne ontevredenheid duur voort.
Christelike wetenskap vandagAs gevolg van omstredenheid en swak publisiteit, het die lidmaatskap van die kerk aansienlik afgeneem sedert die aanvanklike oplewing. Alhoewel die bekendmaking van lidmaatskapsyfers verbied word deur Die Handleiding van die Moederkerk, is die afname in die aantal takkerke opgemerk van ongeveer 1 800 tot ongeveer 1 000. Praktisyns en onderwysers wat in die Christian Science Monitor het ook dramaties gedaal van ongeveer 5 000 tot byna 1 160. Die Kerk van Christus, Wetenskaplike, het ongeveer 2 000 gemeentes in 70 lande. Alhoewel lidmaatgetalle nie beskikbaar is nie, is dit bekend dat die lidmaatskap van die kerk steeds daal. Mary Baker Eddy se werk in geloofsgenesing, wat oorwegend 'n beroep op vroue was sedert dit in 1879 ontstaan het, bied steeds 'n alternatief vir gevestigde godsdiens en ortodokse medisyne. Die kerk word deur kontroversie en regsgedinge geteister en bly voortbestaan.
Christendom en wetenskap
Die meeste kennisbronne wat aan vroeë Christene beskikbaar was, het verband gehou met heidense wêreldbeskouings. Daar was verskillende menings oor hoe die Christendom heidense leer moet beskou, wat sy idees oor die natuur insluit. By vroeë Christenonderwysers was Tertullianus (ongeveer 160–220) byvoorbeeld oor die algemeen 'n negatiewe opinie oor die Griekse filosofie, terwyl Origenes (ongeveer 185-254) dit baie gunstiger beskou het en van sy studente vereis het dat hy byna al die beskikbare werk gelees het. hulle. [1]
Histories was en is Christendom nog steeds 'n beskermheer van wetenskappe. Dit was vrugbaar in die stigting van skole, universiteite en hospitale, en baie geestelikes was aktief in die wetenskappe. Wetenskaplikes soos Pierre Duhem noem die Middeleeuse Katolieke wiskundiges en filosowe soos John Buridan, Nicole Oresme en Roger Bacon die stigters van die moderne wetenskap. [2] Duhem het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat "die meganika en fisika tereg trots is op die moderne tyd, deur 'n ononderbroke reeks skaars waarneembare verbeterings, uit leerstellings wat in die hart van die Middeleeuse skole bely word". [3] Sommige geleerdes en historici skryf die Christendom toe dat dit bygedra het tot die opkoms van die wetenskaplike revolusie. [4] [5] [6] [7]
Christelike Wetenskap - Geskiedenis
Christelike wetenskap (eddyisme)
Stigter: Mary Baker Eddy
Oorsig
Die enigste ding wat Christelik aan Christelike wetenskap is, is die naam self. Die oortuigings van Mary Eddy is so ver verwyderd van die Bybel dat dit lyk asof sy in haar eie wêreld is.
Die idee van Christelike Wetenskap kom in 1866 toe Mary sê dat sy die & quotScience of metafysical healing & quot. Sy organiseer dit in 1879 en dit is gegrond op haar boek, & quotScience and Health (with Key to the Scriptures) & quot die laaste deel van die titel is later bygevoeg. Sy beweer dat sy goddelike openbaring ontvang het tydens die skryf van hierdie boek, maar omdat sy nie in 'n persoonlike God geglo het nie, laat dit mens wonder hoe sou sy dan goddelike openbaring kon kry? Maria het eenvoudig oosterse mistiek (bv. Hindoeïsme) en panteïsme (alles is God) aangeneem en dit Christelike wetenskap genoem. Die lokmiddel om mense in te trek, was om dit "Christelike" wetenskap te noem, want mense wat in die Verenigde State woon, selfs al hou hulle nie van die Christendom nie, het nog steeds 'n sterk wortel daaraan.
Mary Eddy het op 'n stadium gesê: "Ek was verwonderd oor die geduld van die pers en die kansel met my, toe ek hulle Here weggeneem het."
Die geskiedenis van troues en begrafnisse in Christelike wetenskapkerke
Ons het geen opmerkings van Mary Baker Eddy gevind in haar geskrifte oor takkerke wat troues of begrafnisse in hul geboue hou nie.
Daar was nog nooit in seldsame gevalle 'n troue in The Mother Church nie, daar was gedenkdienste. Byvoorbeeld, soos gedokumenteer in die uitgawe van 26 November 1963 Die Christian Science Monitor, was daar 'n spesiale gedenkdiens ter ere van wyle president John F. Kennedy. 1 Gedenkdienste is ook gehou in The Mother Church for Presidents William McKinley, Warren Harding en Franklin Delano Roosevelt. (Elkeen van hierdie presidente is oorlede terwyl hy nog in die amp was, en daarom kan die gedenkdienste gehou word.)
In die MonitorSe artikel oor die diens vir Harding, skryf die verslaggewer dat die volgorde van diens “sal volg op die gebruik tydens die gedenkdiens vir president McKinley, 19 September 1901.” 2 McKinley is in September 1901 vermoor. Eddy het 'n meegevoel met sy weduwee, Ida Saxton McKinley, 3 gestuur en vir Irving Tomlinson advies gegee oor die inhoud van die diens: 'Wees gereed vir die vergadering in 'n memorandum om 'n beroep op die harte teenwoordig. Laat die tegniese wetenskap weg van die krag van Goddelike liefde om tot die uiterste te red en die vaste hoop van ons land. ” 4
Die gebruik om nie troues en begrafnisse in die Christelike Wetenskap -geboue toe te laat nie, was 'n tradisie. Die raad van direkteure van die Christelike Wetenskap het 'n tyd lank ten sterkste verkies dat troues en begrafnisse nie in takkerke gehou word nie, byvoorbeeld, "Christelike wetenskap en die huwelikseremonie" op bladsy 112 van die Februarie 1976 -uitgawe van Die Christian Science Journal. 5
Die afgelope jare is takkerke egter aangemoedig om die besluit demokraties te neem onder hul lidmaatskap in ooreenstemming met die verordening in die Handleiding van die Moederkerk, Artikel XXIII, afdeling 10, "Geen inmenging." 6
Christelike Wetenskap - Geskiedenis
Ons bied graag klankopnames aan van historiese Christelike wetenskaplesings. Gedurende die 1960's is Christian Science -lesings gereeld in die omgewing van New York uitgesaai. Baie van hulle is opgeneem deur die webmeester van hierdie webwerf op spoel-tot-spoel band, wat u nou kan geniet. Besoekers aan ons webwerf het ook baie bykomende lesings bygedra.
Benewens lesings, vind u moontlik verskeie toesprake en verenigingsadresse. 'N Verenigingsadres word deur 'n onderwyser in Christelike Wetenskap aan hul studente gegee. Min verenigingsadresse het die afgelope jare oorleef. Hulle verteenwoordig die meer gevorderde geskrifte oor Christelike wetenskap.
'N Paar lesings gebruik 'n gesintetiseerde, rekenaargegenereerde stem. Die lesings, met [S] na die titel, dateer uit 1922 of vroeër, en is gedruk in media soos die destydse koerante en tydskrifte. U sal moontlik 'n paar onvolmaakthede in die teks-na-spraak-omskakeling sien, maar hopelik kom die boodskap deur.
U mag hierdie opnames slegs vir u eie persoonlike gebruik aflaai en daarna luister. Dit is u nie toegelaat om die lesings na u webwerf of enige ander webwerf te kopieer/op te laai, te verkoop, vir kommersiële doeleindes te gebruik, of dit sonder toestemming in enige vorm te reproduseer en te versprei nie.
As u van hierdie lesings hou of u vintage opnames wil bydra, stuur dit gerus. 'N Ander webwerf genaamd cslectures.org bied die volledige teks van hierdie en vele ander, wat u kan lees of druk.
Wil u kommentaar lewer op hierdie lesings? Ons verwelkom u gedagtes en kommentaar. Klik op die ikoon om 'n boodskap aan ons te stuur.
'N Nuwe adres is bygevoeg: Christian Science:
Die wetenskap wat die ewige teenwoordigheid van God onthul deur Colin Eddison (voorgelees deur Anthony Whitehouse)
As u van die lesings hou, sal 'n donasie om hierdie webwerf te ondersteun, waardeer word. Klik net op die knoppie, dan kan u óf u kredietkaart óf PayPal gebruik.
Ons gunsteling Christelike tuisskoolwetenskapkurrikulum
Die afgelope vier jaar gebruik ons Sonlight Homeschool Science Curriculum -pakkette en om eerlik te wees, hulle pakkette is so ongelooflik, dit is vir my moeilik om dit selfs met 'n ander kurrikulum te probeer vergelyk. Ek hou ook van Sonlight -wetenskap en hul kurrikulum vir ander vakke!
Waarvan ek veral hou van Sonlight Curriculum, is die gebruik van lewende boeke in plaas van vervelige handboeke. Ek is mal daaroor hoe hulle die Science-pakkette sorgvuldig saamstel met fantastiese boeke, biografieë, praktiese eksperimente en selfs 'n super-lekker DVD genaamd InquisiKids Discovery & Do, waarna my kinders absoluut hou!
Toe ek ander Christen -tuisskoolma's vra wat hulle vir wetenskap gebruik, het ek ontdek dat daar ander wonderlike Christelike tuisskool is Wetenskap kurrikulums daar buite en die meeste daarvan waarvan ek nog nooit tevore gehoor het nie!
Hierdie jaar gebruik ons ook Apologia Astronomy en is absoluut mal daaroor !!
Christelike wetenskap oortuigings
Doop: Doop is die geestelike suiwering van die daaglikse lewe, nie 'n sakrament nie.
Die Bybel: Die Bybel en Wetenskap en gesondheid met die sleutel tot die Skrif, deur Mary Baker Eddy, is die twee belangrikste tekste van die geloof.
Die beginsels van Christelike Wetenskap lui:
Nagmaal: Geen sigbare elemente is nodig om die Nagmaal te vier nie. Gelowiges beoefen stille, geestelike gemeenskap met God.
Gelykheid: Christian Science glo dat vroue gelyk is aan mans. Onder ras word geen diskriminasie gemaak nie.
God: Die eenheid van Vader, Seun en Heilige Gees is lewe, waarheid en liefde. Jesus, die Messias, is goddelik, nie 'n godheid nie.
Goue reël: Gelowiges streef daarna om aan ander te doen soos hulle wil hê dat ander aan hulle moet doen. Hulle werk om barmhartig, regverdig en rein te wees.
Die beginsels van Christelike Wetenskap lui:
Hemel en hel: Die hemel en die hel bestaan nie as plekke of as dele van die hiernamaals nie, maar as gemoedstoestande. Mary Baker Eddy het geleer dat sondaars hul eie hel maak deur kwaad te doen, en heiliges maak hul eie hemel deur reg te doen.
Homoseksualiteit: Christelike wetenskap bevorder seks binne die huwelik. Die benaming vermy egter ook die oordeel van ander, en bevestig die geestelike identiteit wat elke persoon van God ontvang.
Redding: Die mens word gered deur Christus, die beloofde Messias. Deur sy lewe en werke wys Jesus die weg na die mens se eenheid met God. Christenwetenskaplikes bevestig die maagdelike geboorte, kruisiging, opstanding en hemelvaart van Jesus Christus as bewys van goddelike liefde.
'N Kort oorsig van die Christelike wetenskap -wêreldbeskouing
Elke wêreldbeskouing moet drie belangrike vrae beantwoord. Eerstens, "Hoe het ons hier gekom"? Hierdie vraag is fundamenteel vir hoe ons die wêreld om ons sien en hoe ons ons rol in die wêreld verstaan. Tweedens moet wêreldbeskouings die vraag beantwoord: "Hoe het dinge so deurmekaar geraak?" Almal van ons weet dat daar iets gebroke is in die wêreld waarin ons leef en ons wêreldbeskouing help ons om te verstaan wat is gebreek. Uiteindelik beantwoord wêreldbeskouings die vraag: "Hoe kan ons dit regstel?" Wêreldbeskouings begin met 'n eis oor ons oorsprong, maar moet uiteindelik die belangrikste lewensvrae beantwoord. Christelike wetenskap bied antwoorde op hierdie drie wêreldbeskouingsvrae. Kom ons ondersoek die geskiedenis van Christelike Wetenskap en die antwoorde daarvan op die drie belangrikste wêreldbeskouingsvrae.
Mary Baker Eddy is gebore in Bow, New Hampshire, op 16 Julie 1821. Sy was die jongste van ses kinders, en haar ouers het haar in 'n 'Congregationalist' Christelike kerk grootgemaak. Sy het 'n aantal kindersiektes opgedoen wat haar gelei het om die Bybelse gedeeltes te ondersoek wat spesifiek oor genesing handel. Namate sy 'n vrou geword het, het haar aanhoudende siektes voortgeduur. In 1862, op 41 -jarige ouderdom, word sy 'n pasiënt van Phineas Quimby, wat self 'n 'mesmeris' en 'magnetiese' geneser was. Quimby was 'n dualis wat geglo het dat die verstand 'geestelike materie' is en dat die mens 'buite homself bestaan'. Hy het die verstand en die brein gesien as twee afsonderlike entiteite wat met mekaar in wisselwerking is, en hy ontwikkel 'n teorie van 'geestelike genesing'. Hy was van mening dat siekte bloot die gevolg was van foutiewe denke, en sy werk met Mary Baker Eddy was vormend vir haar eie skryfwerk en teologiese denke.
In 1866, op 45 -jarige ouderdom, het Eddy 'n val en ruggraatbesering opgedoen. Sy wend haar tot die Bybel vir antwoorde en herstel vinnig (en onverwags) van die besering. Sy bestee die volgende drie jaar die Bybel en bestudeer die basis vir Christelike Wetenskap as 'n denkfilosofie, 'n teorie van genesing en 'n teologiese stelsel. Sy toets haar teorieë vir etlike jare en publiseer uiteindelik "Science and Health" (later herdoop as "Science and Health with a Key to the Scriptures") in 1875. Sy vorder hierdie teologiese siening en wetenskapsteorie deur die oprigting van die Christian Science Kerk van studente wat sy in die 1880's aan die Massachusetts Metaphysical College geleer het. Tans is daar ongeveer 100,000 lede van Christelike Wetenskap in meer as 60 lande. Hulle gebruik die Bybel en 'Wetenskap en gesondheid met 'n sleutel tot die Skrif' as hul twee heilige tekste.
Hoe die Christelike wetenskap die vraag beantwoord:
"Hoe het ons hier gekom?" (Wat is die aard van God en die skepping?)
Christelike wetenskap leer dat skepping die produk van die Goddelike Verstand is, en die god van Christelike Wetenskap is baie anders as die God van die Ortodokse Bybelse Christendom. Eddy beskryf God eerder as 'n onpersoonlike 'beginsel' as 'n persoon. In werklikheid het Eddy God dikwels beskryf met behulp van 'n aantal soortgelyke onpersoonlike sinonieme, soos 'Beginsel', 'Siel', 'Verstand', 'Gees', 'Lewe', 'Waarheid' en 'Liefde'. Christelike Wetenskap ontken ook die Drie -eenheid en erken Jesus as Goddelik, maar ontken dat Hy God is. Vir Christelike wetenskap is daar 'n onderskeid tussen die menslike natuur van Jesus en sy goddelike 'Christus':
“Jesus is die naam van die man wat Christus meer as alle ander mense voorgestel het as die ware idee van God, wat siekes genees en sondig en die krag van die dood vernietig” (Science and Health, 473: 10-17).
Terwyl Eddy geleer het dat skepping 'n produk is van die Goddelike Verstand, beskryf sy God se skepping as heeltemal geestelik en volmaak. Volgens Eddy bestaan materie, sonde, siekte en dood nie. Terwyl ons mag dink hierdie materiële dinge bestaan rondom ons; ons vergis eenvoudig dat dit 'n is illusie:
"Die enigste werklikheid van sonde, siekte of dood is die ontsaglike feit dat onwerklikhede vir die mens 'n foutiewe geloof lyk, totdat God hul vermomming verwyder" (Science and Health, 472: 27-29).
Christelike wetenskap leer ons dat ons gebonde is aan die materiële wêreld totdat ons uiteindelik verstaan dat dit nie werklik is nie. As ons eers materie, sonde, siekte en dood as illusies aanvaar, sal ons ook mag daaroor hê. God is geestelik en kan nie siek wees nie. Die mens, as sy skepping, is 'n ewige, geestelike wese wat mislei is om te dink dat daar 'n materiële wêreld is waar siekte en sonde krag het. Siekte is bloot 'n verbeelding van wat Eddy die 'Mortal Mind' genoem het. Hier is 'n kort opsomming van hierdie idees soos beskryf in die Christian Science 'Scientific Statement of Being' wat as 'n geloofsbelydenis in Christelike Wetenskapkerke voorgehou word:
Daar is geen lewe, waarheid, intelligensie of stof in materie nie. Alles is oneindige verstand en die oneindige manifestasie daarvan, want God is alles-in-alles. Gees is onsterflik Waarheid is 'n sterflike dwaling. Gees is die werklike en ewige saak is die onwerklike en tydelike. Gees is God, en die mens is Sy beeld en gelykenis. Daarom is die mens nie materieel nie, hy is geestelik. (Wetenskap en Gesondheid, 468: 9-15)
Mary Baker Eddy het geleer dat die Bybel vol foute was en slegs nuttig was wanneer dit geïnterpreteer word deur haar eie skrywe, "Wetenskap en gesondheid met 'n sleutel tot die Skrif". In hierdie bundel verwerp Eddy Genesis hoofstuk 2 as 'n korrupsie ('n 'leuen') en vertrou hy op Genesis hoofstuk 1 om 'n saak te maak vir mense as heeltemal geestelike wesens wat niks met materie te doen het nie (Genesis 2 verbind die skepping van die mens met die stof van die grond). Creation Science beskryf mense as 'n suiwer geestelike en immateriële skepping van 'n geestelike en immateriële God.
Hoe die Christelike wetenskap die vraag beantwoord:
"Hoe het dit so deurmekaar geraak?" (Wat skei die mens van God?)
As God die geestelike, immateriële skepper van alle dinge is en sy skeppings suiwer geestelik is, is die probleem met die wêreld waarin ons leef eenvoudig: ons is mislei tot denkende materie, sonde, siekte en dood bestaan as dit in werklikheid 't. Hoe het dit gebeur? Christelike wetenskap leer dat ons misleiding die gevolg is van die duiwel, maar dit definieer die duiwel as ''n leuenfout ... 'n geloof in sonde, siekte en dood ...' of 'n geloof in die materiële wêreld. Die duiwel is nie 'n persoon nie, maar 'n geloof:
'Ek is lewe en intelligensie in materie. Daar is meer as een verstand, want ek is verstand, en 'n goddelose verstand, self gemaak of geskep deur 'n stamgod en in die teenoorgestelde van die verstand geplaas, materie genoem, vandaar om 'n sterflike heelal, insluitend die mens, te reproduseer, nie daarna nie die beeld en gelykenis van die Gees, maar na sy eie beeld ”(Wetenskap en Gesondheid, 584: 20-25)
Dit is ons dilemma, ons word mislei deur 'n valse geloof in die materiële wêreld en 'n valse oortuiging dat ons onafhanklike materiële wesens is. Ons moet hierdie oortuigings oorkom voordat ons ooit kan hoop om die probleme wat ons het in 'n wêreld vol sonde, dood en siekte op te los. Terwyl ons mag kyk boosheid rondom ons, beskryf Christian Science hierdie euwel as 'n illusie:
'Kwaad is 'n ontkenning, want dit is die afwesigheid van waarheid. Dit is niks, want dit is die afwesigheid van iets. Dit is onwerklik, want dit veronderstel die afwesigheid van God, die almagtige en alomteenwoordige. Elke sterfling moet leer dat daar geen mag of werklikheid in die kwaad is nie. ” (Wetenskap en Gesondheid 186: 12-15)
In hierdie wêreldbeskouing is boosheid eintlik glad nie 'werklik' nie. Die bose mag verskyn om werklik te wees, maar dit is eintlik 'n verkeerde siening van God en die mens. Christelike wetenskap leer dat God en sy skepping (soos geestelike realiteite alleen) heeltemal bestaan goed. As mense, mislei deur ons persepsie van die materiële wêreld, het ons dikwels gedagtes en neem ons handelinge in stryd met ons godgegewe goedheid. As dit gebeur, ly ons op een of ander manier. In wese ervaar ons wat ons dink boos is omdat ons die aard van ons wêreld eenvoudig verkeerd verstaan het. Alhoewel God alles geskep het om goed te wees, gaan ons voort om sy skepping te "misverstaan" en dan die beginsels van sy skepping "verkeerd toe te pas", wat lei tot die lyding wat ons op aarde ervaar.
Hoe die Christelike wetenskap die vraag beantwoord:
“Hoe kan ons dit regstel?” (Hoe kan ons met God herenig word?)
So, hoe kan ons hierdie misverstand en verkeerde toepassing “regmaak”? Die Ortodokse Christelike wêreldbeskouing beloof 'n nuwe lewe in die Hemel saam met die God wat ons geskep het, maar Christelike Wetenskap verwerp die idee van die hemel as woonplek van God. Vir die volgeling van Christelike Wetenskap is hemel en hel eenvoudig gemoedstoestande. Die hemel word beskryf as:
"Die harmonie tussen die heerskappy van die Geesregering deur die goddelike beginsel spiritualiteit sal die atmosfeer van die siel bevredig." (Wetenskap en Gesondheid, 587: 25-27)
Op 'n soortgelyke manier word die hel beskryf as:
“Sterflike geloofsfout begeer berou haat wraak sonde siekte dood lyding en selfvernietiging selfopgelegde pynlike gevolge van sonde wat‘ gruwel bewerk of leuens maak ’” (Science and Health, 588: 1-4)
As gevolg van hierdie oortuigings oor hemel en hel, probeer die volgeling van Christelike Wetenskap nie die oordeel van God en die lot van die hel as 'n plek van ewige straf vryspring nie, maar probeer homself (of haarself) bevry van die illusie van die materiële wêreld. Die hemel (die 'harmonie' en 'heerskappy van die Gees') kan bereik word as ons eenvoudig die waarheid kan leer en met die verstand van God kan skakel. Die 'redding' van Christelike Wetenskap word gedefinieer as:
“Lewe, waarheid en liefde word as die hoogste verstaan en gedemonstreer oor alle sonde, siekte en dood wat vernietig word” (Science and Health, 593: 20-22)
Jesus is deel van die Christian Science -oplossing, maar nie as 'n verlosser wat die prys betaal het vir ons individuele sondes aan die kruis (trouens, die Christelike Wetenskap leer dat Jesus nie eintlik aan die kruis gesterf het nie, maar sy volgelinge is in die steek gelaat om te dink dat hy dood was toe hy werklik in die graf gelewe het) . Christelike wetenskap leer sonde en boosheid is deel van ons materiële illusie. Jesus help ons dus om ons eie wanprobleem op te los deur ons ware inligting te gee oor die aard van die geestelike wêreld waarin ons leef. Christelike Wetenskap beskryf Jesus as:
'Die hoogste menslike liggaamlike konsep van die goddelike idee, wat die fout bestraf en vernietig en die onsterflikheid van die mens aan die lig bring. (Wetenskap en Gesondheid, 589: 16-18)
Eddy beskryf Jesus as die middel waarmee God die 'Christus' voorgestel het, wat gedefinieer word as:
“Die goddelike manifestasie van God, wat na die vlees kom om vleesgeworde dwaling te vernietig. (Wetenskap en Gesondheid, 583: 10-11)
Jesus red ons, maar nie deur middel van die 'plaasvervangende versoening' wat in die ortodokse Christendom beskryf word nie. Jesus is eerder die middel waardeur God die regte siening van die geestelike wêreld gee. Christelike wetenskap leer dat ons toegang tot die waarheid van God kan kry deur gebed as 'n manier om te leer oor God se natuur, sodat ons dinge kan begin sien soos Hy dit sien. In prayer we are to do more than ask for a specific result we are to ask for clarity of what is truly happening at the spiritual level and claim the goed existing at this level. When this is done, the follower of Christian Science expects a renewed view of the situation to emerge. If the believer was falsely deluded into thinking he or she was sick, for example, the new spiritual awareness of the unseen reality will cure this false notion and the believer will be “healed”.
Followers of Christian Science believe their faith is perfected over time they get better and better at discerning the illusion of the material world as they learn more and more about the character of God and the spiritual world (through prayer). For this reason, they believe (in theory at least) the more they practice their faith, the more they will overcome the illusion of sickness, sin and even death. By this view, it should be possible for a faithful Christian Scientist to be illness free and immune from death. Every worldview must be internally and externally coherent. The challenge for Christian Science appears to exist at both levels. Click To Tweet
Every worldview must be internally and externally coherent. The challenge for Christian Science appears to exist at both levels. There are a number of philosophical and Biblical questions exposing the internal contradictions of the worldview. We’ll examine some of these in another post.
For more information about the reliability of the New Testament gospels and the case for Christianity, please read Cold-Case Christianity: A Homicide Detective Investigates the Claims of the Gospels. This book teaches readers ten principles of cold-case investigations and applies these strategies to investigate the claims of the gospel authors. The book is accompanied by an eight-session Cold-Case Christianity DVD Set (and Participant’s Guide) to help individuals or small groups examine the evidence and make the case.
Christian Views of Science and Earth History – A Balanced Perspective
Dr. Ray Bohlin and Rich Milne consider the three primary views held by Christians regarding the age of the earth and how the universe, life and man came to be: young earth creationism, progressive creationism, and theistic evolution. After considering the case for each one, they conclude with a call to work together for the cause of Christ.
Introduction of Three Views
How old is the earth? Did men live with dinosaurs? Are dinosaurs in the Bible? Where do cave men fit in the Bible? Did the flood cover the whole earth? How many animals were on Noah’s Ark? What does the word day in Genesis chapter one mean?
These are all common and difficult questions your children may have asked, or maybe they are questions you have. What may surprise you is that evangelical Christians respond with numerous answers to each question. In reality, answers to the preceding questions largely depend on the answer to the first one. How old is the earth?
The diversity of opinion regarding this question inevitably leads to controversy, controversy that is often heated and remarkably lacking in grace and understanding. For those Christians who are practicing scientists, there is much at stake. Not only is one’s view of Scripture on the firing line, but one’s respect and job security in the scientific community is also at risk.
But we must say up front, that as important as this question is, it is of secondary importance to the quest of defeating Darwinism as currently presented to the culture. Educational leaders and evolutionary scientists are determined to present a fully naturalistic evolution as the only reasonable and scientific theory that can be discussed in the public education system. All Christians, whether old earth or young earth, should find common cause in dethroning philosophical naturalism as the reigning paradigm of education and science.
Returning to the age of the earth question, we would like to survey three general categories of response to this question that can be found among Christians today. For each of these three views, we will discuss their position on Genesis chapter one, since theological assumptions guide the process of discovering a scientific perspective. We will also discuss the basics of the scientific conclusions for each view. Finally, we will discuss the strengths of each view and what those holding the other two views think are the other’s limitations.
The first view of science and earth history we will discuss is the recent or literal view. This position is often referred to as scientific creationism, creation science, or young earth creationism. Young earth creationists believe that the earth and the universe are only tens of thousands of years old and that Genesis gives us a straightforward account of God’s creative activity.
The second position, progressive creationism or day-age creationism, holds that the earth and the universe are billions of years old. However, progressive creationists believe that God has created specifically and ex nihilo (out of nothing), throughout the billions of years of earth history. They do not believe that the days of Genesis refer to twenty-four hour days, but to long, indefinite periods of time.
A view traditionally known as theistic evolution comprises the third position. Theistic evolutionists essentially believe that the earth and the universe are not only billions of years old, but that there was little, if any, intervention by God during this time. The universe and life have evolved by God-ordained processes in nature. Theistic evolutionists, or evolutionary creationists, as many prefer to be called, believe that the first chapter of Genesis is not meant to be read historically, but theologically. It is meant to be a description of God as the perfect Creator and transcendent over the gods of the surrounding ancient Near Eastern cultures.
Before we consider each position in greater detail, it is important to realize two things. First, we will paint in broad strokes when describing these views. Each has many sub-categories under its umbrella. Second, we will describe them as objectively and positively as we can without revealing our own position. We will reveal our position at the conclusion of this article.
Recent or Literal Creation
Having introduced each position, we would like to review the theological and scientific foundations for the first one: recent or young earth creationism.
The young earth creationist firmly maintains that Genesis chapter one is a literal, historical document that briefly outlines God’s creative activity during six literal twenty-four hour days. If one assumes that the genealogies of Genesis chapters five and eleven represent a reasonable pre-Israelite history of the world, then the date of creation cannot be much beyond thirty thousand years ago.
A critical theological conclusion in this view is a world free of pain, suffering, and death prior to the Fall in Genesis chapter three. God’s prescription in Genesis 1:29 to allow only green plants and fruit for food follows along with this conclusion.
The universal flood of Noah, recorded in Genesis chapters six through nine, is also a crucial part of this view. On a young earth, the vast layers of fossil-bearing sedimentary strata found all over the earth could not have had millions of years to accumulate. Therefore, the majority of these sedimentary layers are thought to have formed during Noah’s flood. Much research activity by young earth creationists is directed along this line.
Young earth creationists also maintain the integrity of what is called the Genesis kind, defined in Genesis 1:11, 12, and 21. The dog kind is frequently given as an example of the Genesis kind. While this is still a matter of research, it is suggested that God created a population of dog-like animals on the sixth day. Since then, the domestic dog, wolf, coyote, African wild dog, Australian dingo, and maybe even the fox have all descended from this original population. Young earth creationists suggest that God created the individual kinds with an inherent ability to diversify within that kind. But a dog cannot cross these lines to evolve into say, a cat.
The literal view of Genesis chapter one has been predominant throughout Church history and it proposes a testable scientific model of the flood and the Genesis kind. Critics point out that there are immense difficulties explaining the entire geologic record in terms of the flood. Principal among these problems is that it appears there are many more animals and plants buried in the rocks than could have been alive simultaneously on the earth just prior to the flood.
Progressive Creationism
The next view to discuss is progressive creationism. The progressive creationist essentially believes that God has intervened throughout earth history to bring about His creation, but not all at once over six literal twenty-four hour days. The progressive creationist will accept the long ages of the earth and the universe while accepting that there is some historical significance to the creation account of Genesis.
A popular view of Genesis chapter one is called the day-age theory. This view agrees that the events described in the first chapter of Genesis are real events, but each day is millions, perhaps billions of years in duration. The Hebrew word for day, yom, can mean an indefinite period of time such as in Genesis 2:4. This verse summarizes the first thirty-four verses of the Bible by stating, “This is the account of the heavens and the earth when they were created, in the dag that the Lord God made the earth and the heaven” (emphasis added). In this case, the word dag refers to the previous seven days of the creation week. Consequently, the progressive creationist feels there is justification in rendering the days of Genesis chapter one as indefinite periods of time.
Therefore, the progressive creationist has no problem with the standard astronomical and geological ages for the universe and the earth. A universe of fifteen billion years and an earth of 4.5 billion years are acceptable. In regard to evolution, however, their position is similar to the young earth creationists’. Progressive creationists accept much of what would be called microevolution, adaptation within a species and even some larger changes. But macroevolutionary changes such as a bird evolving from a fish are not seen as a viable process.
These are the basic beliefs of most progressive creationists. What do they think is the predominant reason for holding to this perspective? Most will tell you that the evidence for an old universe and earth is so strong that they have searched for a way for Genesis chapter one to be understood in this framework. So the agreement with standard geology and astronomy is critical to them. Progressive creationists also find the biblical necessity for distinct evidence for God’s creative activity so strong that the lack of macroevolutionary evidence also dovetails well with their position.
The most difficult problem for them to face is the requirement for pain, suffering, and death to be a necessary part of God’s creation prior to Adam’s sin. The atheistic evolutionist, Stephen J. Gould, from Harvard, commented on this problem of God’s design over these many millions of years when he said, “The price of perfect design is messy relentless slaughter.” There are also major discrepancies with the order of events in earth history and the order given in Genesis. For instance if the days of Genesis are millions of years long, then when flowers were created on day three, it would be millions of years before pollinators, such as bees, were created on days five and six.
Theistic Evolution
Having covered young earth creationism and progressive creationism, we will now turn to the view called theistic evolution and then discuss our own position with a call to mark the common enemy of the evangelical community.
Most theistic evolutionists see little, if any, historical significance to the opening chapters of Genesis. They suggest that the Genesis narrative was designed to show the Israelites that there is one God and He has created everything, including those things which the surrounding nations worshipped as gods. In essence, Genesis chapter one is religious and theological, not historical and scientific.
Essentially, theistic evolutionists accept nearly all the scientific data of evolution including not only the age of the cosmos, but also the evolutionary relatedness of all living creatures. God either guided evolution or created the evolutionary process to proceed without need of interference.
Theistic evolutionists maintain that the evidence for evolution is so strong that they have simply reconciled their faith with reality. Since reading Genesis historically does not agree with what they perceive to be the truth about earth history, then Genesis, if it is to be considered God’s Word, must mean something else. They do believe that God is continually upholding the universe, so He is involved in His creation.
Call for Caution and Discussion
We have discussed the biblical and scientific foundations of three different Christian views of science and earth history. In so doing, we have tried to convey a sense of their strengths and limitations. The issue of the age of the earth is very controversial among evangelicals, particularly those who have chosen some field of science as their career.
Our intention has been to present these perspectives as objectively as possible so you, the reader, can make an informed decision. We have purposefully kept our own views out of this discussion until now. We would like to take a moment and explain the reasoning behind our position.
We have studied this issue for over twenty years and have read scholars, both biblical and scientific from all sides of the question. For some ten years now, we have been confirmed fence sitters. Yes, we are sorry to disappoint those of you who were waiting for us to tell you which view makes more sense, but we are decidedly undecided. This is by no means a political decision. We are not trying to please all sides, because if that were the case, we know we would please no one. The fact is, we are still searching.
Biblically, we find the young earth approach of six consecutive 24-hour days and a catastrophic universal flood to make the most sense. However, we find the evidence from science for a great age for the universe and the earth to be nearly overwhelming. We just do not know how to resolve the conflict yet. Earlier, we emphasized that the age question, while certainly important, is not the primary question in the origins debate. The question of chance versus design is the foremost issue. The time frame over which God accomplished His creation is not central.
Such indecision is not necessarily a bad thing. Davis Young in his book Christianity and the Age of the Earth, gives a wise caution. Young outlines that both science and theology have their mysteries that remain unsolvable. And if each has its own mystery, how can we expect them to mesh perfectly? The great 20th century evangelist, Francis Schaeffer said:
We must take ample time, and sometimes this will mean a long time, to consider whether the apparent clash between science and revelation means that the theory set forth by science is wrong or whether we must reconsider what we thought the Bible says.
In the sixteenth century, Michelangelo sculpted Moses coming down from Mount Sinai with two little bumps on his head. The word which describes Moses’ face as he came off the mountain, we now know means shining light, meaning Moses’ face was brilliant from having been in God’s presence. But at that time it was thought to mean “goat horns.” So Michelangelo sculpted Moses with two horns on his head. That is what they thought the Bible literally said. Now we know better and we changed our interpretation of this Scripture based on more accurate information. We believe we need even more accurate information from both the Bible and science to answer the age of the earth question.
The question concerning the age of the earth comes down to a matter of interpretation, both of science and the Bible. Ultimately, we believe there is a resolution to this dilemma. All truth is God’s truth. Some suggest that perhaps God has created a universe with apparent age. That is certainly possible, but certain implications of this make us very uncomfortable. It is certainly true that any form of creation out of nothing implies some form of apparent age. God created Adam as an adult who appeared to have been alive for several decades though only a few seconds into his existence.
Scientists have observed supernova from galaxies that are hundreds of thousands of light years away. We know that many of these galaxies must be this distant because if they were all within a few thousand light years, then the nighttime sky would be brilliant indeed. These distant galaxies are usually explained in terms of God creating the light in transit so we can see them today. These observed star explosions mean that they never happened in an apparent age universe. Therefore, we are viewing an event that never occurred. This is like having videotape of Adam’s birth. Would supernovas that never happened make God deceptive?
Therefore, we believe we must approach this question with humility and tolerance for those with different convictions. The truth will eventually be known. In the meantime, let us search for it together without snipping at each other’s heels.
1. Henry Morris, The Genesis Record (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1976), 37-81.
2. Steven A. Austin, ed., Grand Canyon: Monument to Catastrophe (Santee, CA: Institute for Creation Research, 1994), 284.
3. Daniel E. Wonderly, Neglect of Geologic Data: Sedimentary Strata Compared with Young-Earth Creationist Writings (Hatfield, PA: Interdisciplinary Biblical Research Institute, 1987), 130. Howard J. Van Till, Robert Snow, John Stek, and Davis A. Young, Portraits of Creation: Biblical and Scientific Perspectives on the World’s Formation (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Pub. Co, 1990), 26-125.
4. Hugh Ross, Creation and Time (Colorado Springs, CO: NAVPRESS, 1994), 45-72.
5. Ibid., 73-80.
6. Stephen Jay Gould, “Darwin and Paley Meet the Invisible Hand,” Natuurlike geskiedenis (November 1990):8. Mark Van Bebber and Paul S. Taylor, Creation and Time: A Report on the Progressive Creationist Book by Hugh Ross (Mesa, AZ: Eden Communications, 1994), 128.
7. Van Till, et al., Portraits of Creation, 232-242.
8. Umberto Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis: Part 1: From Adam to Noah, trans. Israel Abrahams (Jerusalem Magnum Press, 1978), 12-17. Henri Blocher, In the Beginning: The Opening Chapters of Genesis, trans. David G. Preston (Leciester Press and Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1984), 49-59.
9. Ken Ham, Evolution: The Lie (El Cajon, CA: Creation-Life Pub., 1987).
10. Phillip E. Johnson, Darwin on Trial, 2de uitg. (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1993), 15-112, 166-170.
11. Davis A. Young, Christianity and the Age of the Earth (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982), 158.
12. Francis Schaeffer, No Final Conflict (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1975), 24.
Verwante poste
What is the prevailing evolutionary theory for the origin of the universe? I would also like to know your views on the "Gap Theory." The prevailing theory for the origin&hellip
Dear Dr. Bohlin, As a Christian, how do you view the age of the earth? I was wondering how scientists calculate the age of the stars and the earth. Please&hellip
I read with great interest your article on the Origins Web site "Christian Views of Science and Earth History ." I am doing research on this age issue, focusing on&hellip
Dr. Bohlin, I just read over your article on the Age of the Earth to get Probe's stand on the issue. Apparently, the official stand is officially no stand. I&hellip
Sue and Dr. Ray Bohlin bring decades of Christian worldview thinking and a PhD in science to the important topic of communicating a balanced rational position to our children and teenagers on&hellip
Steve Cable examines Francis Collins's arguments for theistic evolution from his book The Language of God and finds them lacking. Francis Collins and Theistic Evolution Dr. Francis Collins, recipient of&hellip
Appendix B: Apologetics and the Age of the Universe Note: This is one of two appendices for Steve Cable's article Are We Significant in This Vast Universe? Is the apparent&hellip
Dr. Ray Bohlin explains why our understanding of the origins of life is directly related to our understanding of God. A Christian understands that God created us intentionally. We are&hellip
Dr. Ray Bohlin and Richard Milne
Raymond G. Bohlin is Vice President of Vision Outreach at Probe Ministries. He is a graduate of the University of Illinois (B.S., zoology), North Texas State University (M.S., population genetics), and the University of Texas at Dallas (M.S., Ph.D., molecular biology). He is the co-author of the book The Natural Limits to Biological Change, served as general editor of Creation, Evolution and Modern Science, mede-outeur van Basic Questions on Genetics, Stem Cell Research and Cloning (The BioBasics Series), and has published numerous journal articles. Dr. Bohlin was named a Research Fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture in 1997, 2000 and 2012.
Richard Milne is a former research associate with Probe Ministries. He has a B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Th.M. from Dallas Theological Seminary. Rich works in the area of the philosophy and history of science, focusing in particular on the origin of the universe and the origin of life, and the history and philosophy of art. He and his wife, Becky, are currently on staff with East-West Ministries in Plano, Texas.
What is Probe?
Probe Ministries is a non-profit ministry whose mission is to assist the church in renewing the minds of believers with a Christian worldview and to equip the church to engage the world for Christ. Probe fulfills this mission through our Mind Games conferences for youth and adults, our 3-minute daily radio program, and our extensive Web site at www.probe.org.
Further information about Probe's materials and ministry may be obtained by contacting us at:
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Church opening
We would like to announce that our Church is now open for our Sunday service and our Wednesday testimony meetings!
First Church of Christ, Scientist, Riverside (Christian Science) has been at our current location since 1900. We have services on Sunday morning (including Sunday School) and we have a Wednesday evening testimony meetings where Christian Science healings and other experiences are shared. We operate a Reading Room with Bibles, Wetenskap en gesondheid met die sleutel tot die Skrif, by Mary Baker Eddy, a large number of books and reference materials, periodicals, CD's and other resources for exploring your spirituality and learning about Christian Science.
Our Pastor
This is a lay church in which every member has equal standing with God. With the Bible and Wetenskap en gesondheid met die sleutel tot die Skrif, by Mary Baker Eddy, as our pastor, Christian Scientists turn to prayer and these two books for counsel and healing. Christian Science was discovered by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866. She was severely injured in a fall, and turned to the Bible as she had been accustomed to doing. All she had pondered in the past came strongly and clearly to her as she read an account of one of Jesus' healings. She was immediately healed. Convinced that God had healed her, she spent the next several years searching the Scriptures to understand the principle behind her healing. She named her discovery Christian Science and explained it in 1875 when she first wrote Wetenskap en Gesondheid. On page 583, Wetenskap en Gesondheid includes the following definition on CHURCH:
"The structure of Truth and Love whatever rests upon and proceeds from divine Principle."
"The Church is that institution, which affords proof of its utility and is found elevating the race, rousing the dormant understanding from material beliefs to the apprehension of spiritual ideas and the demonstration of divine Science, thereby casting out devils, or error, and healing the sick."