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In Los Angeles, Kalifornië, word die kultusleier Charles Manson, saam met volgelinge Susan Atkins, Leslie Van Houten en Patricia Krenwinkle skuldig bevind aan die wrede moorde op die aktrise Sharon Tate en ses ander in 1969.
In 1967 word Manson, 'n leeftyd misdadiger, vrygelaat uit 'n federale gevangenis in die staat Washington en reis hy na San Francisco, waar hy 'n aanhang trek onder opstandige jong vroue met 'n moeilike emosionele lewe. Manson het 'n kultus gevestig op grond van sy konsep van 'Helter Skelter' - 'n apokaliptiese filosofie wat voorspel dat uit 'n dreigende rasseoorlog in Amerika vyf regerende engele sou ontstaan: Manson, wat die rol van Jesus Christus sou aanneem, en die vier lede van die besies. Manson het sy volgelinge oortuig dat dit nodig sou wees om beroemdes te vermoor om aandag op die kultus te trek, en in 1969 het hulle Sharon Tate, 'n effens suksesvolle aktrise wat getroud was met Roman Polanski, 'n filmregisseur, geteiken.
LEES MEER: Hoe Charles Manson siek inspirasie gekry het uit die Beatles se 'Helter Skelter'
Op die nag van 9 Augustus 1969, met gedetailleerde instruksies van Manson, het vier van sy volgelinge na Cielo -rylaan bo Beverly Hills gery en by Polanski en Tate se huis ingebars. (Polanski was nie tuis nie en vriende het by die swanger Tate gebly.) Gedurende die volgende paar ure was hulle besig met 'n moorddadige rampokkery wat vyf dood gelaat het, waaronder 'n baie swanger Sharon Tate, drie van haar vriende en 'n 18-jarige ou man wat die opsigter van die landgoed besoek het. Die volgende aand vermoor Manson -volgelinge Leno en Rosemary LaBianca in hul huis in die Los Feliz -afdeling van Los Angeles; hierdie keer het Manson saamgegaan om seker te maak dat die moorde reg uitgevoer is. Die sake het meer as 'n jaar onopgelos voordat die Los Angeles -polisiekantoor die verband met Manson ontdek het. Verskeie lede van sy kultus het erken, en Manson en vyf ander is aangekla op aanklagte van moord en sameswering om moord te pleeg.
In Januarie 1972 is Manson en drie ander skuldig bevind, en op 29 Maart is al vier ter dood veroordeel. Die verhoor van 'n ander beskuldigde, Charles "Tex" Watson, is vertraag deur uitleweringsverrigtinge, maar hy is eweneens skuldig bevind en ter dood veroordeel. In 1972 het die hooggeregshof in Kalifornië die doodstraf in Kalifornië afgeskaf, en Manson en sy volgelinge se doodvonnisse is tot lewenslange gevangenisstraf verminder. Manson is in 2017 in die tronk dood.
LEES MEER: Charles Manson is ter dood veroordeel. Waarom is Hy nie tereggestel nie?
Charles Manson gevallestudie
As 'n aspirant -sielkundige is een van die dinge wat ek daarvan hou om berugte misdadigers en reeksmoordenaars te bestudeer en te profiliseer. In hierdie geval gaan ek 'n paar algemene vrae ontleed wat ek teëkom in kletskamers waar daar gesprekke gevoer word oor sulke individue.
Charles Manson was 'n Amerikaanse kultusleier. In die laat 1960's het hy die Manson -familie gevorm, wat sy kultus uit Kalifornië was. Manson se volgelinge het nege moorde gepleeg in Julie en Augustus 1969. In 1971 is hy skuldig bevind aan eersteklas moord en sameswering om moord te pleeg vir die dood van sewe mense, wat almal op opdrag van lede van die groep uitgevoer is. Manson is ook skuldig bevind aan eersteklas moord vir twee ander sterftes.
Daar is nog vrae wat mense stel oor Charles Manson. Ek gaan die twee mees algemene antwoord.
Vraag: Hoe kon Manson mense by "The Manson Family" aansluit?
Antwoord: Manson kon die illusie van troos skep. Emosionele troos staan sentraal in die lokking van kultusse. As 'n persoon 'n hunkering na troos het, soek die persoon na mense of dinge wat die vrees en angs wat hulle het, kan versag. Manson was in staat om die vrees en angs van sy volgelinge suksesvol te verlig deur die gebruik van taal.
Vraag: Hoe het Manson taal gebruik om volgelinge te kry?
Antwoord: Manson was baie goed in die gebruik van taal om mense te betrek. Hy soek mense wat gemarginaliseer of vervreemd voel. Manson was geredelik toegerus om sy volgelinge te verlei met gevoelens van aanvaarding en begrip.
Omdat hy sy volgelinge so maklik kon lok, het dit nie saak gemaak wat hulle van sy ideologieë gedink het nie. Dit maak nie saak hoe vernietigend of gevaarlik hulle was nie. Dit is alles by die venster uitgegooi. Sy volgelinge was nie meer gefokus op Manson se ideologieë nie. Wat hulle was daarop gefokus was om te doen wat hulle ook al moes doen om die “aanvaarding” wat Manson aan hulle gegee het, aan te hou.
Manson kon al sy volgelinge baie suksesvol breinspoel om dit te glo sy eie ideologieë was die enigste korrekte. Hy het dit so gemaak dat hy die hele groep deeglik gedink het. Manson het ook sy volgelinge laat dink dat hy die rug gehad het en daar was, selfs al was niemand anders nie. Dieselfde tegniek word gewoonlik deur bendes in die hedendaagse samelewing gebruik.
Daar is twee stukke wat empatie uitmaak. Die eerste een word genoem: Kognitiewe empatie, wat die vermoë is om iemand se emosies te verstaan. Die tweede een is: Emosionele empatie, wat die vermoë is om emosies met ander mense te deel. Hierdie twee stukke kan egter uitmekaar skei. Die vermoë om kognitiewe empatie te gebruik en iemand se emosies sonder te verstaan deel dieselfde emosies kan gevaarlik wees. Dit kan aanleiding gee tot intimidasie en natuurlik manipulasie.
Ons moet ook in gedagte hou dat empatiese vermoë dit is waarde neutraal wat beteken dat dit mense kan help of maak mense seer, afhangende van die bedoeling van die persoon wat dit vertoon.
Soos ek vroeër gesê het, is die empatievermoë 'n belangrike komponent van manipulasie. As baie mense aan empatie dink, dink hulle daaroor op 'n goeie manier. Hulle dink daaraan dat iemand 'n seer kan help omdat hulle ook al iets soortgelyks deurgemaak het.
Maar empatie het 'n donker kant. U kan dit gebruik om in die brein van die slagoffer te kom. As u eers die innerlike werking van die brein van die slagoffer leer ken en ken, is die moontlikhede eindeloos.
Dit is wat Manson gedoen het. Hy was in staat om empatie op te vaar en op te tree asof hy empatie gehad het met sy volgelinge om hul vertroue te verkry. Hy sou dan die inligting wat aan hom gegee is, gebruik deur sy volgelinge, en draai dit om en hou dit oor hul koppe. Hy sou dit doen op 'n manier waarop die slagoffer nie eers besef wat gebeur nie. Toe die slagoffer tot sy reg kom, was dit reeds te laat en die daad is gedoen.
Om Charles Manson self aan te haal: 'Om mense te laat doen wat ek wil, is die maklikste in die wêreld. Al wat hulle nodig het, is om hulle te laat dink dat ons iets besonders het, en dat almal mislei word. As dit nie werk nie, laat hulle dink dat hulle nie genoeg doen nie. Of dreig om hul gesin weg te neem. Die maklikste ding ter wêreld. ”
Ons sien regdeur die geskiedenis dat sommige van die slegste mense hul dade deur die mag van taal kon doen.
Byvoorbeeld, Adolf Hitler. Hitler was 'n baie kragtige redenaar. Hy het seker gemaak dat sy woorde hard en duidelik gehoor word. Hy was baie goed daarin om emosionele stellings saam te stel om mense in sy strik te lok. Dit het gewerk. Oor die jare het miljoene der miljoene mense gesterf.
Hitler kon 'n hele nasie breinspoel om te glo dat die doodmaak van onskuldige mense die enigste manier was.
Alhoewel hy vreeslike dade bevorder en gepleeg het, het Hitler was 'n fantastiese spreker. Hy was baie goed daarin om die mense van sy land bemagtig te laat voel, selfs al was dit nie so nie. Hitler se mense het gevoel dat hulle bydra tot 'n goeie doel, terwyl hulle eintlik in werklikheid besig was om aan Hitler se behoeftes en behoeftes te voldoen.
Dit is soortgelyk aan die geval van Charles Manson, want ook hy kon sy volgelinge bemagtig laat voel. Hy kon hulle laat dink dat hulle hul eie besluite neem en hul eie gevolgtrekkings maak, terwyl dit nie die geval was nie.
Manson se volgelinge het gevoel dat hulle veg vir 'n goeie doel as gevolg van die prentjie wat Charles kon skilder. Manson het so 'n aansteeklike persoonlikheid gehad toe hy dit nodig gehad het. Hy kon baie maklik charisma gebruik om te bereik wat sy hart begeer.
Charles Manson was 'n spesialis in kognitiewe empatie. Hy kon dit tot sy voordeel gebruik. Hy het geweet wat sy volgelinge dink, hy het net nie omgegee nie. Gevolglik gebruik hy sy volgelinge se emosies daarteen.
Manson kon deur middel van vrees situasies manipuleer om sy volgelinge in aksie te skrik. Dit het Manson niks gepla nie, want hy reageer op vrees op 'n heel ander manier as tipiese mense. Vrees was nooit ten volle in Manson se brein nie. As gevolg hiervan kon hy die dinge wat hy gedoen het, doen en dink.
AP Was There: Charles Manson, volgelinge wat skuldig bevind is aan moord
LOS ANGELES-Na 'n verhoor van sewe maande is Charles Manson en drie van sy volgelinge skuldig bevind aan moord en sameswering in die moord op die aktrise Sharon Tate in 1969 en ses ander.
Die Associated Press herdruk die volgende artikel oor die vonnisse ter herdenking van die moorde. Dit verskyn die eerste keer op 26 Januarie 1971.
LOS ANGELES-Charles Manson, ruige leier van 'n kultusagtige hippie-tipe, is Maandag skuldig bevind aan moord en sameswering uit die eerste graad, saam met drie vroulike volgelinge in die woeste moord op die aktrise Sharon Tate en ses ander.
Die staat het gesê dat hy die doodstraf vir almal sal vra.
Die beskuldigdes, wat wilde uitbarstings tydens hul verhoor van sewe maande uitgevoer het, het passief gesit terwyl uitsprake uitgespreek is oor die 27 aanklagte teen hulle.
Nadat die jurielede ondervra is, mompel Manson hoorbaar en verwys na hulle: "Ek dink hulle is almal skuldig." Nadat die vonnisse in die hof verskyn het, het hy op die regter geskreeu: "Ons mag steeds nie 'n verweer verdedig nie. U sal dit nie oorleef nie, ou man."
Die jurie van sewe mans en vyf vroue, wat 42 uur en 40 minute beraadslaag het sedert die saak op 16 Januarie ontvang is, is beveel om Donderdag om 09:00 vir die straffase van die verhoor na die hof te kom. Hulle sal voortgaan om gesekwestreer te word.
Die aanklaer het gesê dat hy ongeveer 50 getuies gereed het vir die strafverhoor. Die verdediging het gesê dat dit 'n saak van so lank as langer as die staat sal aanhangig maak, en lewenslange gevangenisstraf soek in plaas van die doodstraf op die bewering, maar daar is steeds twyfel oor skuld.
Die dood of lewenslange gevangenisstraf is die enigste moontlike uitspraak vir veroordelings oor moord in die eerste graad.
Volgens die Kaliforniese wet moet dieselfde jurie wat 'n eersteklas skuldigbevinding aan moord-sameswering terugbring, by 'n tweede verhoor vergader om die straf vas te stel.
As die vonnis 'n tweedegraadse moord was, sou die straf outomaties vyf jaar lewenslank gewees het en sou daar geen strafverhoor gewees het nie.
Die beskuldigdes is aangekla van moord-sameswering tydens die moord op die pragtige aktrise in Augustus 1969 en vier besoekers aan haar huis, en in die moord 'n nag later op 'n welgestelde handelaarspaar.
Manson (36) word daarvan beskuldig dat hy die moord beveel het om 'n wedloopoorlog af te sluit wat volgens hom in 'n Beatles -lied aangekondig is, waarna hy verwag het om die mag oor te neem.
Die ander verweerders was Susan Atkins (22), Patricia Krenwinkel (23) en Leslie Van Houten (21).
Juffrou Van Houten is aangekla van sameswering in al die moorde, maar slegs van moord in die markeienaars Leno en Rosemary LaBianca.
Die beskuldigdes, wat op 22 Desember uit die hof geban is weens geskreeu, glimlaggend en gesels. Die vroue het gevangenisuniforms met linte in hul lang hare gedra. Manson het 'n verkreukelde wit hemp met 'n blou serp aan. Sy hare was deurmekaar, en hy het 'n nuwe bokbaard gedra.
Almal het opgestaan en rustig uitgestap nadat die vonnisse - een vir een vir elk van die 27 tellings - gelees is. 'N Klompie afgevaardigdes van die balju was in die volsaal met 92 sitplekke om die orde te handhaaf.
Adjunk -dist. Atty. Vincent Bugliesi, die hoofaanklaer, het aan nuusmanne gesê dat hy die doodstraf sal vra: "Ek geniet dit nie, maar dit is nodig."
Oor die uitspraak het hy gesê: "Ek is baie, baie bly, en die polisie in Los Angeles is baie bly. Ons het die uitspraak verwag, maar totdat die klerk die uitspraak lees, weet u nie."
Die beslissende faktor? "Die oorweldigende hoeveelheid bewyse."
Hoofverdediger Paul Fitzgerald, het gesê die beskuldigdes het Maandagaand aan hom gesê dat hulle 'die ergste verwag'. Hy beskryf die uitspraak as verwag.
"Ons het die saak verloor toe ons ons plekverandering verloor het. Ons het gedink dat ons net soveel kans het om die saak in Los Angeles te wen as om die Sam Sheppard te wen," het hy gesê en verwys na 'n dokter in Cleveland wat in die 1960's skuldig bevind is aan sy vrou in 'n opspraakwekkende saak dood te maak. Die hooggeregshof het uiteindelik die skuldigbevinding omgekeer.
Fitzgerald het gesê die verdediging sal tydens die strafverhoor aanvoer dat voorverhoor -publisiteit die beskuldigdes seergemaak het. Hy het gesê dat hy 'n vonnis van lewenslange gevangenisstraf sal pleit omdat daar nog twyfel bestaan oor skuld.
Maxwell Keith, verteenwoordigend van juffrou Van Houten, het gesê dat hy gevoel het dat sy 'n gevegskans het as sy nie vrygespreek was nie, vir tweedegraadse moord: juffrou Van Houten was nie 'n lid van die moordenaarspartytjie by die Tate-huis nie.
'Sy het baie beter as ek gereageer,' het hy oor die uitspraak gesê. 'Sy het nie 'n haar gedraai nie.
Manson se prokureur, Irving Kanarek, wou nie kommentaar lewer op die uitspraak nie.
Die uitspraak het 'n beperking op 'n verhoor waarin die staat 84 getuies geroep het, en die verdediging berus sonder om 'n saak aanhangig te maak. Die transkripsie bevat byna 6 miljoen woorde, en daar was 297 uitstallings.
Die aanklaer het in die laaste argumente die moorde "monsteragtig, makaber en nagmerriesagtig genoem.
Hy noem Manson 'iemand met 'n sieklike en morbiede begeerte en besig met die dood'. Volgens hom was die vroue Manson se "robots en zombies".
Die verdediging het aangevoer dat iemand anders as die beskuldigdes moontlik die moorde gedoen het. Prokureurs het gesê Manson word vervolg weens sy ongewilde lewenstyl, en dat as die vroue werklik robotte was, hulle nie die voorbedagte rade kon uitvoer vir moord in die eerste graad nie.
Die saak het die eerste keer nuus gekry op 10 Augustus 1969 toe 'n diensmeisie die bloedige lyke van slagoffers op die Tate -landgoed gevind het.
Die agt maande swanger heuningblonde aktrise (25), vrou van die regisseur Roman Polanski, het gesteek op die vloer van die woonkamer naby die liggaam van Jay Sebring (26), Hollywood-haarstilis en haar eenmalige verloofde, gelê.
Buite was die lyke van die Poolse playboy Wojciech Frykowski (37) en sy vriendin, koffie -erfgenaam Abigail Folger (26), Stephen Parent (18) in sy motor doodgeskiet toe hy vertrek nadat hy die opsigter besoek het.
"VARK" is in die bloed aan die deur gesmeer. 'N Handdoek "kap" bedek Sebring se kop. Die polisie noem die moord “ritueel”.
Die volgende dag, 'n paar kilometer verder, is die LaBiancas doodgesteek te midde van bloedige geskarrel.
Die polisie was vier maande lank verbaas. Toe, op 'n wenk van 'n vrou wat gesê het dat juffrou Atkins van die moorde vertel het terwyl die twee 'n tronksel gedeel het, het die polisie massa -arrestasies van Manson en sy gesin uitgevoer en toe in 'n afgeleë gemeente naby Death Valley gewoon.
Manson, slegs 5 voet 6, maar met wat sy volgelinge byna hipnotiese kragte genoem het, het vinnig na vore gekom as die sentrale figuur. Hy was die seun van 'n prostituut en gewoond aan gevangenisse en instellings die grootste deel van sy lewe. Hy het sy 'gesin' in die hippiedistrik van San Francisco gevorm en na die Hollywood -omgewing gekom om 'n sangloopbaan te soek. Familielede het hom 'God' en 'Jesus' en 'Satan' genoem.
'N Eenmalige lid van die stam, Linda Kasabian, 'n staatsgetuie tydens die verhoor, het gesê Manson het twee moordenaarpartye na die huise van Tate en LaBianca gestuur en die tweede stel moorde gelas omdat die eerste "te morsig" was.
Mevrou Kasabian, wat vir haar verhaal immuniteit teen vervolging verleen het, het gesê Manson het self op die LaBianca -reis saamgegaan, maar is weg voor die moord. In 19 dae op die staanplek het sy vertel dat sy twee moorde gesien het en van gille van ander slagoffers gehoor het.
In Milford, New Hampshire, het mev. Kasabian gesê oor die uitspraak: "Ek is nie verbaas nie, maar my hart treur regtig oor hulle."
Ander getuies het gesê dat juffrou Atkins erken het dat sy juffrou Tate vermoor het nadat laasgenoemde gepleit het om te lewe en haar baba te hê, en dan haar bloed te proe en dit 'pragtig' gevind het.
Volgens getuies het juffrou Krenwinkel gekla dat haar hand seer was na die Tate -moorde omdat sy so baie gesteek het, en dat juffrou Van Houten herhaaldelik 'n liggaam wat reeds dood was, gesteek het en dit geniet het.
Toe die verdediging aan die beurt kom, het advokate die hof verras deur te rus. Hulle het gesê dat as die beskuldigdes toegelaat word om te getuig, hulle verhale sou vertel wat hulself sou inkrimineer en Manson sou skoonmaak. Die prokureur het gesê dat hulle dit nie sal toelaat nie.
Manson het in die afwesigheid van die jurie getuig en gesê dat hy niemand doodgemaak het nie en beveel dat niemand doodgemaak moet word nie.
In 'n dreunende toespraak verduidelik hy sy leefstyl en sê oor vroue: "Hierdie kinders wat met messe na jou toe kom, hulle is jou kinders. Ek het hulle nie geleer nie. Jy het."
Hy het die vroue aangesê om nie te getuig nie en wou nie sy verhaal vir jurielede herhaal nie.
Hoogtepunte in die verhoor het gereelde geskreeu en liedjies van beskuldigdes ingesluit, wat hulle na die nabygeleë aanhoudkamers laat verdryf het, waar hulle met 'n luidspreker geluister het. Manson het een keer na die regter geslinger. Prokureurs is tronk toe gestuur vir minagting. Een prokureur het op 'n kampeeruitgang verdwyn en moes vervang word.
Deur dit alles het 'n groep lojale Manson -stamvroue 'n waaksaamheid in die straat buite die Hall of Justice onderhou en gewag dat hul 'vader' van 'die toring' bevry word.
Manson en juffrou Atkins staan steeds tereg op aanklag van moord in die moord op die musikant Gary Hinman in 1969. Manson word ook aangekla van moord op Donald "Shorty" Shea, 'n hand wat verdwyn het uit die clan se filmboerdery. Sy lyk is nie gevind nie.
Die les van die Manson 'familie'
Baie van die Manson -volgelinge is tronk toe gestuur vir hul misdade, en sommige het later geweldige skuld gevoel oor hul optrede. Maar wat skrikwekkend is, is hoe maklik dit is om mislei te word en te glo dat u lewe afhanklik is van 'n wonderlike leier met sulke wonderlike insigte wat in werklikheid 'n moordende sielkundige is. Volgers vergeet wie hulle werklik is, hul ander belangstellings, familie en vriende en doen vreeslike dinge vir die saak en leier vir wie hulle lief is.
Die lesse uit die Manson "familie" is 'n waarskuwing vir ons almal: bevraagteken alles, dink krities en moenie glo dat enige enkele persoon al die antwoorde het nie. Wees versigtig vir charisma en sjarme en mense wat toegewy is aan 'n Messias-agtige leier, want hoewel dit wonderlik is om in groot, pragtige idees te glo, kan dit ook die weg na kultusslawe en diensbaarheid wees.
Manson se blywende nalatenskap is hopelik dat mense al hoe vinniger deur sulke kultusleiers sal kyk en dit makliker sal vermy as die volgelinge wat hul lewens gewy het en ander vermoor het om hulself as ware toegewydes te bewys.
Inhoud
Kinderjare
Charles Manson is op 12 November 1934 gebore as die 16-jarige Kathleen Manson-Bower-Cavender, [8] née Maddox (1918–1973), [9] in die University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Hy is eers die naam "no name Maddox" genoem. [10] [ bladsy benodig ] [11] [12] Binne weke is hy gebel Charles Milles Maddox. [13] [14]
Manson se biologiese vader was blykbaar kolonel Walker Henderson Scott Sr. (1910–1954) [15] van Catlettsburg, Kentucky, teen wie Kathleen Maddox 'n vaderskap aangeteken het wat tot 'n ooreengekome uitspraak in 1937 gelei het. Manson het moontlik nooit sy biologiese kennis gehad nie. pa. [10] [ bladsy benodig ] [12] Scott het af en toe gewerk in plaaslike meulens en het 'n plaaslike reputasie gehad as 'n kunstenaar. Hy het Maddox toegelaat om te glo dat hy 'n weermag -kolonel was, hoewel 'kolonel' bloot sy voornaam was. Toe Maddox vir Scott vertel dat sy swanger is, het hy haar meegedeel dat hy weggeneem is vir 'n weermag nadat sy 'n paar maande besef het dat hy nie van plan was om terug te keer nie. [16]
In Augustus 1934, voor Manson se geboorte, trou Maddox met William Eugene Manson (1909–1961), 'n 'arbeider' by 'n skoonmaakbedryf. Maddox het gereeld saam met haar broer Luther saam met haar broer Luther gedrink en Charles by verskeie babysitters gelaat. Hulle skei op 30 April 1937, nadat William beweer het dat hy "growwe pligsversuim" deur Maddox beweer het. Charles het William se van, Manson, behou. [17] Op 1 Augustus 1939 is Luther en Kathleen Maddox gearresteer vir aanranding en roof. Kathleen en Luther is onderskeidelik tot vyf en tien jaar gevangenisstraf gevonnis. [18]
Manson is in die huis van 'n tante en oom in McMechen, Wes -Virginië, geplaas. [19] Sy ma is in 1942 vrygelaat. Manson het die eerste weke nadat sy uit die tronk teruggekeer het, later as die gelukkigste in sy lewe beskryf. [20] Weke na Maddox se vrylating, verhuis Manson se gesin na Charleston, Wes -Virginia, [21] waar Manson voortdurend stout speel en sy ma haar aande drink. [22] Sy is in hegtenis geneem weens groot roof, maar nie skuldig bevind nie. [23] Die gesin verhuis later na Indianapolis, waar Maddox 'n alkoholis met die naam Lewis (geen voornaam) ontmoet het nie, en trou in Augustus 1943 met hom. [22]
Eerste oortredings
In 'n onderhoud met Diane Sawyer het Manson gesê toe hy nege was, het hy sy skool aan die brand gesteek. [24] Manson het ook in die moeilikheid beland weens skelmpies en klein diefstal. Alhoewel daar nie plek was vir pleeghuise nie, is Manson in 1947, op 13 -jarige ouderdom, in die Gibault School for Boys in Terre Haute, Indiana, 'n skool vir manlike misdrywe wat deur Katolieke priesters bestuur is, geplaas. [25] Gibault was 'n streng skool, waar straf vir selfs die kleinste oortreding slae met 'n houtspaan of 'n leerband insluit. Manson het weggehardloop van Gibault en geslaap in die bos, onder brûe, en waar hy ook al beskutting kon vind. [26]
Manson vlug huis toe na sy ma en bring Kersfees 1947 deur in McMechen, by sy tante en oom se huis. [27] Sy ma het hom na Gibault terugbesorg. Tien maande later het hy weggehardloop na Indianapolis. [28] In 1948, in Indianapolis, het Manson sy eerste bekende misdaad gepleeg deur 'n kruidenierswinkel te beroof. Aanvanklik was die rooftog bloot om iets te vind om te eet. Manson het egter 'n sigaarkas gevind wat net meer as honderd dollar bevat, en hy het die geld geneem. Hy het die geld gebruik om 'n kamer op Indianapolis's Skid Row te huur en om kos te koop. [29]
Manson het 'n tyd lank probeer om reguit te werk deur 'n pos te kry om boodskappe vir Western Union te lewer. Hy het egter vinnig begin om sy lone deur klein diefstal aan te vul. [26] Hy is uiteindelik gevang, en in 1949 stuur 'n simpatieke regter hom na Boys Town, 'n jeugfasiliteit in Omaha, Nebraska. [30] Na vier dae in Boys Town het hy en mede -student Blackie Nielson 'n geweer gekry en 'n motor gesteel. Hulle het dit gebruik om twee gewapende rooftogte te pleeg op pad na die huis van Nielson se oom in Peoria, Illinois. [31] [32] Nielson se oom was 'n professionele dief, en toe die seuns daar aankom, het hy hulle na bewering as vakleerlinge aangeneem. [25] Manson is twee weke later in hegtenis geneem tydens 'n nagaanval op 'n Peoria -winkel. In die daaropvolgende ondersoek is hy verbind met sy twee vroeëre gewapende rooftogte. Hy is na die Indiana Boys School gestuur, 'n streng hervormingskool. [33]
By die skool het ander studente Manson na bewering met die aanmoediging van 'n personeellid verkrag, en hy is herhaaldelik geslaan. Hy het agtien keer van die skool weggehardloop. [30] Terwyl hy by die skool was, het Manson 'n selfverdedigingstegniek ontwikkel wat hy later die 'waansinnige spel' genoem het. As hy fisies nie in staat was om homself te verdedig nie, sou hy skreeu, grimeer en met sy arms waai om aggressors te oortuig dat hy kranksinnig was. Na 'n aantal mislukte pogings het hy in Februarie 1951 saam met twee ander seuns ontsnap. [34] [32] Die drie ontsnaptes was besig om vulstasies te beroof terwyl hulle in gesteelde motors na Kalifornië wou ry toe hulle in Utah gearresteer is. Vir die federale misdaad om 'n gesteelde motor oor staatslyne te ry, is Manson na Washington, DC se National Training School for Boys gestuur. [35] By aankoms is hy geskiktheidstoetse gedoen wat bepaal het dat hy ongeletterd was, maar 'n bogemiddelde IK van 109. Sy saakwerker het hom as aggressief asosiaal geag. [34] [32]
Eerste gevangenisstraf
Op aanbeveling van 'n sielkundige is Manson in Oktober 1951 na Natural Bridge Honor Camp, 'n minimum veiligheidsinstelling, oorgeplaas. [32] Sy tante het hom besoek en vir administrateurs gesê dat sy hom by haar huis sou laat bly en hom sou help om werk te kry. Manson het 'n paroolverhoor vir Februarie 1952 beplan. In Januarie word hy egter betrap dat hy 'n seuntjie by 'n mespunt verkrag het. Manson is oorgeplaas na die Federal Reformatory in Petersburg, Virginia. Daar pleeg hy 'n verdere "agt ernstige dissiplinêre oortredings, drie met homoseksuele dade". Daarna is hy verplaas na 'n maksimum veiligheidshervorming in Chillicothe, Ohio, waar hy na verwagting sou bly tot sy vrylating op sy 21ste verjaardag in November 1955. Goeie gedrag het gelei tot 'n vroeë vrylating in Mei 1954, om by sy tante en oom in te woon McMechen. [36]
In Januarie 1955 trou Manson met 'n hospitaalbediende met die naam Rosalie Jean Willis. [37] [ bladsy benodig ] Rondom Oktober, ongeveer drie maande nadat hy en sy swanger vrou in Los Angeles aangekom het in 'n motor wat hy in Ohio gesteel het, word Manson weer aangekla van 'n federale misdaad omdat hy die voertuig oor staatsgrense geneem het. Na 'n psigiatriese evaluering het hy vyf jaar proeftydperk gekry. Manson se versuim om tydens 'n verhoor in Los Angeles te verskyn op 'n identiese aanklag wat in Florida ingedien is, het gelei tot sy arrestasie in Maart 1956 in Indianapolis. Sy proeftydperk is ingetrek en hy is tot drie jaar gevangenisstraf op Terminal Island, San Pedro, Kalifornië, gevonnis. [32]
Terwyl Manson in die tronk was, het Rosalie geboorte geskenk aan hul seun Charles Manson Jr. In Maart 1957, toe die besoeke van sy vrou opgehou het, het sy ma hom meegedeel dat Rosalie by 'n ander man woon. Minder as twee weke voor 'n geskeduleerde paroolverhoor, probeer Manson ontsnap deur 'n motor te steel. Hy is vyf jaar proeftydperk opgelê en sy parool is geweier. [32]
Tweede gevangenisstraf
Manson het in September 1958 vyf jaar parool gekry, dieselfde jaar waarin Rosalie 'n egskeidingsbevel ontvang het. Teen November het hy 'n 16-jarige meisie gepimp en ekstra ondersteuning ontvang van 'n meisie met welgestelde ouers. In September 1959 het hy skuld beken op 'n aanklag van poging om 'n vervalste tjek van die Amerikaanse tesourie in kontant te neem, wat hy beweer het dat hy uit 'n posbus gesteel het. Hy het 'n opgeskorte vonnis van 10 jaar en verhoor gekry nadat 'n jong vrou met die naam Leona, wat 'n rekord van prostitusie gehad het, 'n "tranerige pleidooi" voor die hof afgelê het dat sy en Manson 'diep verlief was' en sou trou as Charlie bevry ". [32] Voor die einde van die jaar het die vrou met Manson getrou, moontlik sodat sy nie teen hom sou moet getuig nie. [32]
Manson het Leona en 'n ander vrou vir prostitusie na New Mexico geneem, wat daartoe gelei het dat hy aangehou en ondervra is omdat hy die Mann -wet oortree het. Hoewel hy vrygelaat is, het Manson tereg vermoed dat die ondersoek nie geëindig het nie. Toe hy in stryd met sy proeftydperk verdwyn, is 'n bankbevel uitgereik. 'N Aanklag vir die oortreding van die Mann -wet het gevolg in April 1960. [32] Na die arrestasie van een van die vroue vir prostitusie, is Manson in Junie in Laredo, Texas, in hegtenis geneem en na Los Angeles terugbesorg. Hy het sy proeftydperk van tien jaar opgelê omdat hy sy proeftydperk op die tjekheffingskoste oortree het. [32]
Manson het 'n jaar lank probeer om onsuksesvol te appelleer teen die herroeping van sy proeftydperk. In Julie 1961 is hy van die Los Angeles County -gevangenis na die Amerikaanse gevangenis op McNeil Island, Washington, oorgeplaas. Daar het hy kitaarlesse geneem by die Barker -Karpis -bendeleier Alvin "Creepy" Karpis, en by 'n ander gevangene 'n kontaknaam gekry van iemand by Universal Studios in Hollywood, Phil Kaufman. [38] Volgens Jeff Guinn se biografie van Manson uit 2013 verhuis sy ma na die staat Washington om nader aan hom te wees tydens sy gevangenisstraf op McNeil Island, en werk as 'n kelnerin daar naby. [39]
Alhoewel die Mann Act -aanklag laat vaar is, was die poging om die tesourie -tjek te betaal steeds 'n federale oortreding. Manson se jaarlikse oorsig van September 1961 het opgemerk dat hy 'n "enorme begeerte het om aandag op homself te vestig", lui 'n opmerking in September 1964. [32] In 1963 word Leona geskei. Tydens die proses beweer sy dat sy en Manson 'n seun, Charles Luther, gehad het. [32] Volgens 'n gewilde stedelike legende het Manson laat 1965 'n oudisie vir die Monkees afgelê, dit word weerlê deur die feit dat Manson op daardie stadium nog op McNeil Island opgesluit was. [40]
In Junie 1966 is Manson vir die tweede keer na Terminal Island gestuur ter voorbereiding op vroeë vrylating. Teen die tyd van sy vrylating op 21 Maart 1967 het hy meer as die helfte van sy 32 jaar in tronke en ander instellings deurgebring. Dit was hoofsaaklik omdat hy die federale wette oortree het. Federale vonnisse was, en bly, baie swaarder as staatsvonnisse vir baie van dieselfde oortredings. Hy het aan die owerhede gesê dat die tronk sy huis geword het, en hy het toestemming gevra om te bly. [32]
Kultuurvorming
Nadat hy in 1967 uit die tronk ontslaan is, het Manson begin om 'n groep volgelinge, meestal jong vroue, uit Kalifornië te lok. Hulle was later bekend as die Manson -familie. [41] Die kernlede van Manson se groep sluit in: Charles 'Tex' Watson, 'n musikant en voormalige akteur Robert Beausoleil, 'n voormalige musikant en pornografiese akteur Mary Brunner, voorheen 'n bibliotekaresse Susan Atkins Linda Kasabian Patricia Krenwinkel en Leslie Van Houten. [42] [43] [44]
Moorde
Die Manson -familie het ontwikkel tot 'n doemdagkultus toe Manson gefiks was oor die idee van 'n dreigende apokaliptiese rasseoorlog tussen die swart bevolking van Amerika en die groter blanke bevolking. 'N Wit supremasis, [45] [46] Manson het geglo dat swart mense in Amerika sou opstaan en alle blankes sou doodmaak, behalwe Manson en sy "familie", maar dat hulle nie intelligent genoeg was om alleen te oorleef nie, hulle het 'n blanke nodig die mens om hulle te lei, en so sou hulle Manson as hul 'meester' dien. [47] [48] Laat in 1968 neem Manson die term "Helter Skelter" aan, afkomstig van 'n liedjie van die Beatles wat onlangs vrygestel is Wit album, om te verwys na hierdie komende oorlog. [49]
Vroeg in Augustus 1969 moedig Manson sy volgelinge aan om Helter Skelter te begin deur moorde in Los Angeles te pleeg en te laat blyk dat dit rasgedrewe is. Die Manson -familie het nasionale bekendheid verwerf ná die moord op die aktrise Sharon Tate en vier ander in haar huis op 8 en 9 Augustus 1969, [50] en Leno en Rosemary LaBianca die volgende dag. Tex Watson en drie ander lede van die familie het die moord op Tate – LaBianca uitgevoer, na bewering onder die opdrag van Manson. [51] [52] Terwyl dit later tydens die verhoor aanvaar is dat Manson nooit uitdruklik die moorde gelas het nie, word sy gedrag geag 'n skuldigbevinding aan moord van die eerste graad en sameswering tot moord te regverdig. Evidence pointed to Manson's obsession with inciting a race war by killing those he thought were "pigs" and his belief that this would show the "nigger" how to do the same. [4] Family members were also responsible for other assaults, thefts, crimes, and the attempted assassination of President Gerald Ford in Sacramento by Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme. [53]
While it is often thought that Manson never murdered or attempted to murder anyone himself, true crime writer James Buddy Day, in his book Hippie Cult Leader: The Last Words of Charles Manson, claimed that Manson shot drug dealer Bernard Crowe on July 1, 1969. [54] Crowe survived. [55]
Trial
The State of California tried Manson for the Tate and LaBianca murders with co-defendants, Leslie Van Houten, Susan Atkins, and Patricia Krenwinkel. Co-defendant Tex Watson was tried at a later date after being extradited from Texas. [56]
The trial began on July 15, 1970. Manson appeared wearing fringed buckskins, his typical clothing at Spahn Ranch. [57]
On July 24, 1970 — the first day of testimony — Manson appeared in court with an "X" carved into his forehead. His followers issued a statement from Manson saying "I have "X'd myself from your world". [58] The following day, Manson's co-defendants, Van Houten, Atkins, and Krenwinkel, also appeared in court, with an "X" carved in their foreheads. [59] [60]
Members of the Manson Family camped outside of the courthouse, and held a vigil on a street corner, because they were excluded from the courtroom for being disruptive. Some of Manson's followers also carved crosses into their heads. [58] During the trial, members of the Manson Family appeared in saffron robes, and threatened to immolate themselves if Manson was convicted – just as nuns in Vietnam had done in protest of the war. [57] [61]
The State presented dozens of witnesses during the trial. However, its primary witness was Linda Kasabian, who was present during the Tate murders on August 8–9, 1969. Kasabian provided graphic testimony of the Tate murders, which she observed from outside the house. She was also in the car with Manson on the following evening, when he ordered the LaBianca killings. Kasabian spent days on the witness stand, being cross-examined by the defendants' lawyers. After testifying, Kasabian went into hiding for the next forty years. [10] [ bladsy benodig ]
In early August 1970, President Richard Nixon told reporters that he believed that Manson was guilty of the murders, "either directly or indirectly". [62] Manson obtained a copy of the newspaper and held up the headline to the jury. [10] [ bladsy benodig ] The defendants' attorneys then called for a mistrial, arguing that their clients had allegedly killed far fewer people than "Nixon's war machine in Vietnam". [62] Judge Charles H. Older polled each member of the jury, to determine whether each juror saw the headline and whether it affected his or her ability to make an independent decision. All of the jurors affirmed that they could still decide independently. [10] [ bladsy benodig ] Shortly after, the female defendants – Atkins, Krenwinkel and Van Houten – were removed from the room for chanting, "Nixon says we are guilty. So why go on?" [10] [ bladsy benodig ]
On October 5, 1970, Manson attempted to attack Judge Older while the jury was present in the room. Manson first threatened Older, and then jumped over his lawyer's table with a sharpened pencil, in the direction of Older. Manson was restrained before reaching the judge. While being led out of the courtroom, Manson screamed at Older, "In the name of Christian justice, someone should cut your head off!" Meanwhile, the female defendants began chanting something in Latin. Judge Older began wearing a .38 caliber pistol to the trial afterwards. [63]
On November 16, 1970, the State of California rested its case after presenting twenty-two weeks worth of evidence. The defendants then stunned the courtroom by announcing that they had no witnesses to present, and rested their case. [64]
Manson's testimony
Immediately after defendants' counsel rested their case, the three female defendants shouted that they wanted to testify. Their attorneys advised the court, in chambers, that they opposed their clients testifying. Apparently, the female defendants wanted to testify that Manson had had nothing to do with the murders. [65]
The following day, Manson himself announced that he too wanted to testify. The judge allowed Manson to testify outside the presence of the jury. He stated as follows:
These children that come at you with knives, they are your children. You taught them. I didn't teach them. I just tried to help them stand up. Most of the people at the ranch that you call the Family were just people that you did not want. [65]
Manson continued, equating his actions to those of society at large:
I know this: that in your hearts and your souls, you are as much responsible for the Vietnam war as I am for killing these people. . I can't judge any of you. I have no malice against you and no ribbons for you. But I think that it is high time that you all start looking at yourselves, and judging the lie that you live in. [66]
Manson concluded, claiming that he too was a creation of a system that he viewed as fundamentally violent and unjust:
My father is the jailhouse. My father is your system. . I am only what you made me. I am only a reflection of you. . You want to kill me? Ha! I am already dead – have been all my life. I've spent twenty-three years in tombs that you have built. [66]
After Manson finished speaking, Judge Older offered to let him testify before the jury. Manson replied that it was not necessary. Manson then told the female defendants that they no longer needed to testify. [67]
On November 30, 1970, Leslie Van Houten's attorney, Ronald Hughes, failed to appear for the closing arguments in the trial. [67] He was later found dead in a California state park. His body was badly decomposed, and it was impossible to tell the cause of death. Hughes had disagreed with Manson during the trial, taking the position that his client, Van Houten, should not testify to claim that Manson had no involvement with the murders. Some have alleged that Hughes may have been murdered by the Manson Family. [68]
On January 25, 1971, the jury found Manson, Krenwinkel and Atkins guilty of first degree murder in all seven of the Tate and LaBianca killings. The jury found Van Houten guilty of murder in the first degree in the LaBianca killings. [69]
Sentencing
After the convictions, the court held a separate hearing before the same jury to determine if the defendants should receive the death sentence.
Each of the three female defendants – Atkins, Van Houten, and Krenwinkel – took the stand. They provided graphic details of the murders and testified that Manson was not involved. According to the female defendants, they had committed the crimes in order to help fellow Manson Family member Bobby Beausoleil get out of jail, where he was being held for the murder of Gary Hinman. The female defendants testified that the Tate-LaBianca murders were intended to be copycat crimes, similar to the Hinman killing. Atkins, Krenwinkel and Van Houten claimed they did this under the direction of the state's prime witness, Linda Kasabian. The defendants did not express remorse for the killings. [70]
On March 4, 1971, during the sentencing hearings, Manson trimmed his beard to a fork and shaved his head, telling the media, "I am the Devil, and the Devil always has a bald head!" However, the female defendants did not immediately shave their own heads. The state prosecutor, Vincent Bugliosi, later speculated in his book, Deurmekaar, that they refrained from doing so, in order to not appear to be completely controlled by Manson (as they had when they each carved an "X" in their foreheads, earlier in the trial). [71]
On March 29, 1971, the jury sentenced all four defendants to death. When the female defendants were led into the courtroom, each of them had shaved their heads, as had Manson. After hearing the sentence, Atkins shouted to the jury, "Better lock your doors and watch your kids." [72]
The Manson murder trial was the longest murder trial in American history when it occurred, lasting nine and a half months. The trial was among the most publicized American criminal cases of the twentieth century and was dubbed the "trial of the century". The jury had been sequestered for 225 days, longer than any jury before it. The trial transcript alone ran to 209 volumes or 31,716 pages. [72]
Post-trial events
Manson was admitted to state prison from Los Angeles County on April 22, 1971, for seven counts of first-degree murder and one count of conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of Abigail Ann Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, Steven Earl Parent, Sharon Tate Polanski, Jay Sebring, and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca. As the death penalty was ruled unconstitutional in 1972, Manson was re-sentenced to life with the possibility of parole. His initial death sentence was modified to life on February 2, 1977.
On December 13, 1971, Manson was convicted of first-degree murder in Los Angeles County Court for the July 25, 1969 death of musician Gary Hinman. He was also convicted of first-degree murder for the August 1969 death of Donald Jerome "Shorty" Shea. Following the 1972 decision of California v. Anderson, California's death sentences were ruled unconstitutional and that "any prisoner now under a sentence of death . may file a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the superior court inviting that court to modify its judgment to provide for the appropriate alternative punishment of life imprisonment or life imprisonment without possibility of parole specified by statute for the crime for which he was sentenced to death." [73] Manson was thus eligible to apply for parole after seven years' incarceration. [74] His first parole hearing took place on November 16, 1978, at California Medical Facility in Vacaville, where his petition was rejected. [75] [76]
1980s–1990s
In the 1980s, Manson gave four interviews to the mainstream media. The first, recorded at California Medical Facility and aired on June 13, 1981, was by Tom Snyder for NBC's The Tomorrow Show. The second, recorded at San Quentin State Prison and aired on March 7, 1986, was by Charlie Rose for CBS News Nightwatch, and it won the national news Emmy Award for Best Interview in 1987. [77] The third, with Geraldo Rivera in 1988, was part of the journalist's prime-time special on Satanism. [78] At least as early as the Snyder interview, Manson's forehead bore a swastika in the spot where the X carved during his trial had been. [79]
Nikolas Schreck conducted an interview with Manson for his documentary Charles Manson Superstar (1989). Schreck concluded that Manson was not insane but merely acting that way out of frustration. [80] [81]
On September 25, 1984, Manson was imprisoned in the California Medical Facility at Vacaville when inmate Jan Holmstrom poured paint thinner on him and set him on fire, causing second and third degree burns on over 20 percent of his body. Holmstrom explained that Manson had objected to his Hare Krishna chants and verbally threatened him. [75] [ mislukte verifikasie ]
After 1989, Manson was housed in the Protective Housing Unit at California State Prison, Corcoran, in Kings County. The unit housed inmates whose safety would be endangered by general-population housing. He had also been housed at San Quentin State Prison, [77] California Medical Facility in Vacaville, [75] [ mislukte verifikasie ] Folsom State Prison and Pelican Bay State Prison. [82] [ aanhaling nodig ] In June 1997, a prison disciplinary committee found that Manson had been trafficking drugs. [82] He was moved from Corcoran State Prison to Pelican Bay State Prison a month later. [82]
2000s–2017
On September 5, 2007, MSNBC aired The Mind of Manson, a complete version of a 1987 interview at California's San Quentin State Prison. The footage of the "unshackled, unapologetic, and unruly" Manson had been considered "so unbelievable" that only seven minutes of it had originally been broadcast on Vandag, for which it had been recorded. [83]
In March 2009, a photograph of Manson showing a receding hairline, grizzled gray beard and hair, and the swastika tattoo still prominent on his forehead was released to the public by California corrections officials. [84]
In 2010, the Los Angeles Times reported that Manson was caught with a cell phone in 2009 and had contacted people in California, New Jersey, Florida and British Columbia. A spokesperson for the California Department of Corrections stated that it was not known if Manson had used the phone for criminal purposes. [85] Manson also recorded an album of acoustic pop songs with additional production by Henry Rollins, titled Completion. Only five copies were pressed: two belong to Rollins, while the other three are presumed to have been with Manson. The album remains unreleased. [86]
On January 1, 2017, Manson was suffering from gastrointestinal bleeding at California State Prison in Corcoran when he was rushed to Mercy Hospital in downtown Bakersfield. A source told the Los Angeles Times that Manson was seriously ill, [87] and TMZ reported that his doctors considered him "too weak" for surgery. [88] He was returned to prison on January 6, and the nature of his treatment was not disclosed. [89] On November 15, 2017, an unauthorized source said that Manson had returned to a hospital in Bakersfield, [90] but the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation did not confirm this in conformity with state and federal medical privacy laws. [91] He died from cardiac arrest resulting from respiratory failure and colon cancer at the hospital on November 19. [2] [92] [93]
Three people stated their intention to claim Manson's estate and body. [94] [95] [96] Manson's grandson Jason Freeman stated his intent to take possession of Manson's remains and personal effects. [97] Manson's pen-pal Michael Channels claimed to have a Manson will dated February 14, 2002, which left Manson's entire estate and Manson's body to Channels. [98] [99] Manson's friend Ben Gurecki claimed to have a Manson will dated January 2017 which gives the estate and Manson's body to Matthew Roberts, another alleged son of Manson. [94] [95] In 2012, CNN ran a DNA match to see if Freeman and Roberts were related to each other and found that they were not. According to CNN, two prior attempts to DNA match Roberts with genetic material from Manson failed, but the results were reportedly contaminated. [100] On March 12, 2018, the Kern County Superior Court in California decided in favor of Freeman in regard to Manson's body. Freeman had Manson cremated on March 20, 2018. [101] As of February 7, 2020, Channels and Freeman still had petitions to California courts attempting to establish the heir of Manson's estate. At that time, Channels was attempting to force Freeman to submit DNA to the court for testing. [102]
Involvement with Scientology
Manson began studying Scientology while incarcerated with the help of fellow inmate Lanier Rayner, and in July 1961, Manson listed his religion as Scientology. [103] A September 1961 prison report argues that Manson "appears to have developed a certain amount of insight into his problems through his study of this discipline". [104] Upon his release in 1967, Manson traveled to Los Angeles where he reportedly "met local Scientologists and attended several parties for movie stars". [105] [106] [107] Manson completed 150 hours of auditing. [108] Manson's "right hand man", Bruce M. Davis, worked at the Church of Scientology headquarters in London from November 1968 to April 1969." [109]
Relationships and alleged child
In 2009, Los Angeles disk jockey Matthew Roberts released correspondence and other evidence indicating that he might be Manson's biological son. Roberts' biological mother claims that she was a member of the Manson Family who left in mid-1967 after being raped by Manson she returned to her parents' home to complete the pregnancy, gave birth on March 22, 1968, and put Roberts up for adoption. CNN conducted a DNA test between Matthew Roberts and Manson's known biological grandson Jason Freeman in 2012, showing that Roberts and Freeman did not share DNA. [100] Roberts subsequently attempted to establish that Manson was his father through a direct DNA test which proved definitively that Roberts and Manson were not related. [110]
In 2014, it was announced [ deur wie? ] that the imprisoned Manson was engaged to 26-year-old Afton Elaine Burton and had obtained a marriage license on November 7. [111] Manson gave Burton the nickname "Star". She had been visiting him in prison for at least nine years and maintained several websites that proclaimed his innocence. [112] The wedding license expired on February 5, 2015, without a marriage ceremony taking place. [113] Journalist Daniel Simone reported that the wedding was cancelled after Manson discovered that Burton only wanted to marry him so that she and friend Craig Hammond could use his corpse as a tourist attraction after his death. [113] [114] According to Simone, Manson believed that he would never die and may simply have used the possibility of marriage as a way to encourage Burton and Hammond to continue visiting him and bringing him gifts. Burton said on her website that the reason that the marriage did not take place was merely logistical. Manson was suffering from an infection and had been in a prison medical facility for two months and could not receive visitors. She said that she still hoped that the marriage license would be renewed and the marriage would take place. [113]
Psychology
On April 11, 2012, Manson was denied release at his 12th parole hearing, which he did not attend. After his March 27, 1997, parole hearing, Manson refused to attend any of his later hearings. The panel at that hearing noted that Manson had a "history of controlling behavior" and "mental health issues" including schizophrenia and paranoid delusional disorder, and was too great a danger to be released. [115] The panel also noted that Manson had received 108 rules violation reports, had no indication of remorse, no insight into the causative factors of the crimes, lacked understanding of the magnitude of the crimes, had an exceptional, callous disregard for human suffering and had no parole plans. [116] At the April 11, 2012, parole hearing, it was determined that Manson would not be reconsidered for parole for another 15 years, i.e. not before 2027, at which time he would have been 92 years old. [117]
Kulturele impak
Beginning in January 1970, the left-wing newspapers Los Angeles Free Press en Tuesday's Child embraced Manson as a hero-figure, and Tuesday's Child proclaimed him "Man of the Year". In June 1970, Rollende klip made him their cover story in "Charles Manson: The Incredible Story of the Most Dangerous Man Alive". [118] A Rollende klip writer visited the Los Angeles District Attorney's office while preparing that story, [119] and he was shocked by a photograph of the "Healter [sic] Skelter" that Manson's disciples had written on a wall in their victim's blood. [120] Prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi pointed out the dispute in the underground press over whether Manson was "Christ returned" or "a sick symbol of our times". [ aanhaling nodig ]
Bernardine Dohrn of the Weather Underground reportedly said of the Tate murders: "Dig it, first they killed those pigs, then they ate dinner in the same room with them, then they even shoved a fork into a victim's stomach. Wild!" [121] Neo-Nazi and Manson follower James Mason founded the Universal Order, a group that has influenced other movements such as the neo-Nazi terrorist group the Atomwaffen Division. The Universal Order's name and logo is a swastika between the scales of justice, remotely designed by Manson. [ verduideliking nodig ] Bugliosi quoted a BBC employee's assertion that a "neo-Manson cult" existed in Europe, represented by approximately 70 rock bands playing songs by Manson and "songs in support of him". [74]
Musiek
Manson was a struggling musician, seeking to make it big in Hollywood between 1967 and 1969. The Beach Boys did a cover of one of his songs. Other songs were publicly released only after the trial for the Tate murders started. On March 6, 1970, LIE, an album of Manson music, was released. [122] [123] [124] [125] This included "Cease to Exist", a Manson composition the Beach Boys had recorded with modified lyrics and the title "Never Learn Not to Love". [126] [127] Over the next couple of months only about 300 of the album's 2,000 copies sold. [128]
There have been several other releases of Manson recordings – both musical and spoken. One of these, The Family Jams, includes two compact discs of Manson's songs recorded by the Family in 1970, after Manson and the others had been arrested. Guitar and lead vocals are supplied by Steve Grogan [129] [ mislukte verifikasie ] additional vocals are supplied by Lynette Fromme, Sandra Good, Catherine Share, and others. [ aanhaling nodig ] One Mind, an album of music, poetry, and spoken word, new at the time of its release, in April 2005, was put out under a Creative Commons license. [130] [131]
American rock band Guns N' Roses recorded Manson's "Look at Your Game, Girl", included as an unlisted 13th track on their 1993 album "The Spaghetti Incident?" [74] [ mislukte verifikasie ] [132] [133] "My Monkey", which appears on Portrait of an American Family by the American rock band Marilyn Manson, includes the lyrics "I had a little monkey / I sent him to the country and I fed him on gingerbread / Along came a choo-choo / Knocked my monkey cuckoo / And now my monkey's dead." These lyrics are from Manson's "Mechanical Man", [134] which is heard on LIE. Crispin Glover covered "Never Say 'Never' to Always" on his album The Big Problem ≠ The Solution. The Solution=Let It Be released in 1989.
Musical performers such as Kasabian, [135] Spahn Ranch, [136] and Marilyn Manson [137] derived their names from Manson and his lore.
Op-Ed: The human side of Charlie Manson
Charles Manson died on Sunday night after being admitted to a hospital in Bakersfield on Wednesday. The infamous cult leader, who was convicted along with three of his followers in 1971 of the murders of actress Sharon Tate and six others, was 83 years old.
How do we assess Manson? If early reports are any indication, it is with the same lack of nuance, the same hyperbole on which we’ve long relied. The Associated Press described him on Thursday as “a demonic presence,” “the living embodiment of evil” and quoted former special correspondent Linda Deutsch, who covered his trial: “In addition to killing seven people, he killed a whole counterculture.”
The temptation to see Manson in apocalyptic terms is understandable. In her 1978 essay “The White Album,” Joan Didion wrote, “On August 9, 1969, I was sitting in the shallow end of my sister-in-law’s swimming pool in Beverly Hills when she received a phone call from a friend who had just heard about the murders at Sharon Tate Polanski’s house on Cielo Drive. … There were twenty dead, no, twelve, ten, eighteen. Black masses were imagined, and bad trips blamed.”
Charles Manson was no devil but a human being, as his death makes clear.
In a nation now grappling with mass killings one after another, the actual number of Manson’s victims seems almost minimal, even quaint. But it’s worth remembering the terror stirred by the murders, the chaos they implied. Tate was 8½ months pregnant when she died the killers wrote “Pig” across the front door in her blood. The following night, the Manson family killed Leno and Rosemary LaBianca at their home in Los Feliz, scrawling “Healter Skelter” (sic) on the refrigerator, also using the victims’ blood.
I was a child on the other side of the country, and I recall my own fear in the wake of the killings, the disturbing satanic details, the violation of the safety of home. That my children now take such realities for granted suggests something of how desensitized we as a culture have become.
Manson, though, was no devil but a human being, as his death makes clear. I don’t say that to soften or absolve him. But I don’t believe in demons people are frightening enough. Indeed, to accept Manson as a person, to see him through the filter of his humanity, is to acknowledge what we resist: that he was perhaps not so utterly different from the rest of us.
Manson’s history was horrific his mother did time in prison for armed robbery when he was young and he lived with relatives who tormented him in the name of making him tough. In the 2013 biography “Manson: The Life and Times of Charles Manson,” Jeff Guinn traced one such incident, in which his uncle made him go to first grade in a dress as punishment for having cried in class.
A quarter-century later, after his release from the federal penitentiary at Terminal Island in San Pedro, Manson moved to San Francisco and began to collect the drifters and young women who would become his so-called family.
One of Manson’s inspirations was Dale Carnegie, whose 1936 book “How to Win Friends and Influence People” offered him tips on manipulating others to his ends. Among his successful strategies? Convincing his acolytes to commit the murders he planned, then claiming innocence since he did not actually kill anyone.
This is, of course, horrific, venal — and recognizably human at the same time. Just look at the news evasion of responsibility is our new national pastime. You might say Manson was ahead of his time, spinning out a series of false narratives about race war and his own messianic status that ensnared his followers.
Although much has been made of his efforts to join the Southern California music scene (he befriended Beach Boy Dennis Wilson, among others), it’s a stretch to suggest Manson’s turn to murder was a reaction to his failed rock star fantasies.
Manson created a cult around himself called the "Family" that he hoped to use to bring about Armageddon through a race war. He named this scenario "Helter Skelter," after the 1968 Beatles song of the same name.
Manson believed that once African-Americans rose up against white people in an end-of-times race war, he and his Family, which consisted mostly of women, would be the only ones left standing at its conclusion.
The Family sought to quicken this apocalyptic timeline by carrying out prominent murders of celebrities and pinning them on African-Americans so that people would take notice.
Manson compelled his followers to believe him by exhibiting many qualities common to gurus and spiritual leaders around the world, and also used LSD to influence their thinking.
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In the years that would follow, Lake became more loyal to Manson, even as he grew more violent in the days leading up to the murderous rampage that members of his cult went on in 1969.
Lake did not take part in the two-day summer murder spree in which Manson and members of his cult killed seven people, including pregnant actress Sharon Tate, Abigail Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, Leno and Rosemary LaBianca, Steven Parent and Jay Sebring.
She was arrested along with the other cult members at Barker Ranch in 1969 but maintained throughout police interviews that she knew nothing of the murders.
Lake did not take part in the two-day murder spree in which Manson and members of his cult killed seven people, including film director Roman Polanski's pregnant wife Sharon Tate (above with the director in 1968)
Lake said she couldn't understand why the women who she previously considered friends from the Manson family - Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkle and Leslie van Houton (above) had stood by the murderer during the trial
She went on to provide the district attorney with incriminating evidence and testimony against them.
In 1970, Lake was institutionalized for schizophrenia which doctors said was caused by emotional trauma.
When she later faced Manson in court, his defense attorney asked her: 'Are you still in love with Mr. Manson now?' She responded: 'I guess so' as she looked at the man who she had a deep relationship in the years prior.
Manson blurted out: 'You loved everybody. Don't put it all on Mr Manson.'
The court room burst into laughter at Manson's statement.
Lake penned this book 'Member of the Family' out October 24 on her time with the madman
Recalling the incident in her book, Lake said: 'I hadn't seen it before, how he could truly work a room. This man didn't mean to be funny. he was deflecting responsibility from himself by humiliating me and dismissing my value as a human being,' she said.
She said that was the moment she realized he was a 'scruffy little man with an enormous ego'.
'He was a fake, a fraud, a pimp, and a con artist. And now I was truly free of him,' she said.
She also said she could not understand why Patricia Krenwinkle, Leslie van Houton and Susan Atkins stood by Manson.
All three famously carved X's on their foreheads.
'The girls with the Xs on their foreheads? That part always blew me away,' Lake said. 'They continued to hang on, be groupies.'
After the trial concluded and Manson was convicted on first degree murder charges, Lake said she tried to move forward with her life. She is now married, has raised three children and earned a master's degree in education.
Manson, however, has been behind bars for more than four decades after being put away for the series of murders in 1969.
He was convicted of leading a cult in which disaffected young people living in a commune followed his orders and were ultimately turned into killers.
Manson, Atkins, Krenwinkle and Leslie Van Houten were convicted of murder and sentenced to death for the killings.
Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkle and Leslie Van Houten (above) were convicted of murder and sentenced to death for killings at two gruesome scenes in the summer of 1969
They brutally murdered director Tate and six others in Los Angeles over two nights.
He had ordered his family members to slaughter Tate, who was eight-and-a-half months pregnant, and three of her friends at her home above Beverly Hills.
Stephen Parent was a fifth unfortunate victim that night. He had driven to the property to see if caretaker William Garreston wanted to buy his AM/FM Clock radio, and had stayed on for a beer at the guest house. He was shot multiple times when he wound down the window at the electric gate as he left.
The following night the Family butchered small business owners Leno and Rosemary La Bianca, in their home in Los Angeles.
The murders were carried out in upscale, mostly white neighborhoods of Los Angeles in order to blame the crimes on African Americans, in the hope of sparking what he termed a 'Helter Skelter' race war.
Manson, who was not actually present but ordered the killings, applied for parole in 2012 but was denied release and is not eligible to apply again until 2027.
He was hospitalized earlier this year suffering from intestinal bleeding.
Chief prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi said he would seek the death penalty
LOS ANGELES (AP) &mdash Following a seven-month trial, Charles Manson and three of his followers were convicted of murder and conspiracy in the August 1969 killings of actress Sharon Tate and six others.
The Associated Press is republishing the following article on the verdicts to mark the anniversary of the killings. It first appeared on Jan. 26, 1971.
By Linda Deutsch
Associated Press Writer
LOS ANGELES &mdash Charles Manson, shaggy leader of a cult-like clan of hippie types, was convicted Monday of first-degree murder and conspiracy along with three women followers in the savage slayings of actress Sharon Tate and six others.
The state said it will ask the death penalty for all.
The defendants, who staged wild outbursts during their seven-month trial, sat passively as verdicts were returned on the 27 counts against them.
After jurors were polled, Manson muttered audibly, referring to them: &ldquoI think they&rsquore all guilty.&rdquo After the verdicts were all in, he shouted at the judge: &ldquoWe&rsquore still not allowed to put on a defense. You won&rsquot outlive that, old man.&rdquo
The jury of seven men and five women, who had deliberated 42 hours and 40 minutes since receiving the case Jan.16, was ordered to return to court at 9 a.m. Thursday for the penalty-phase of the trial. They will continue to be sequestered.
The prosecutor said he has about 50 witnesses ready for the penalty trial. The defense has said it will put on a case as long or longer than the state&rsquos, seeking life imprisonment instead of the death penalty on the contention there still is doubt as to guilt.
Death or life imprisonment are the only possible verdicts for convictions on first-degree murder.
Under California law the same jury that returns a first-degree murder-conspiracy conviction must meet again at a second trial to fix the penalty.
Had the verdict been second-degree murder, the penalty would have been an automatic five years to life and there would have been no penalty trial.
The defendants were charged with murder-conspiracy in the August 1969 slayings of the beautiful actress and four visitors to her mansion, and in the killings a night later of a wealthy merchant couple.
Manson, 36, was accused of ordering the killings to touch off a race war he believed was heralded in a Beatles song, after which he expected to take over power.
The other defendants were Susan Atkins, 22, Patricia Krenwinkel, 23, and Leslie Van Houten, 21.
Miss Van Houten was charged with conspiracy in all the killings, but with murder only in those of market owners Leno and Rosemary LaBianca.
The defendants, banished from court Dec. 22 for shouting, filed in smiling and chatting. The women wore prison uniforms with ribbons in their long hair. Manson wore a rumpled white shirt with a blue scarf. His hair was disheveled, and he sported a new goatee.
All arose and walked out quietly after the verdicts &mdash read one by one for each of the 27 counts &mdash were finished. A score of sheriff&rsquos deputies was in the packed 92-seat courtroom to maintain order.
Deputy Dist. Atty. Vincent Bugliosi, the chief prosecutor, told newsmen he will seek the death penalty: &ldquoI don&rsquot enjoy it, but it is necessary.&rdquo
Of the verdict, he said: &ldquoI am very, very pleased, and the Los Angeles Police Department is very happy. We expected the verdict, but until the clerk reads the verdict you don&rsquot know.&rdquo
The deciding factor? &ldquoThe overwhelming amount of evidence.&rdquo
Chief defense counsel Paul Fitzgerald, said the defendants told him Monday night they &ldquoexpected the worst.&rdquo He described the verdict as anticipated.
&ldquoWe lost the case when we lost our change of venue. We thought we had as much chance to win the case in Los Angeles as they had of winning the Sam Sheppard,&rdquo he said, referring to a Cleveland doctor convicted in the 1960s of slaying his wife in a sensational case. The Supreme Court ultimately overturned the conviction.
Fitzgerald said the defense would argue at the penalty trial that pretrial publicity hurt the defendants. He said he will plead for a sentence of life imprisonment on grounds there is still some doubt as to guilt.
Maxwell Keith, representing Miss Van Houten, said he had felt she had a fighting chance if not for acquittal, for second-degree murder: Miss Van Houten was not a member of the killer party at the Tate home.
&ldquoShe reacted a lot better than I did,&rdquo he said of the verdict. &ldquoShe didn&rsquot turn a hair. She seemed more solicitous of me.&rdquo
Manson&rsquos attorney, Irving Kanarek, declined to comment on the verdict.
The verdict capped a trial in which the state called 84 witnesses, and the defense rested without putting on a case. The transcript ran nearly 6 million words, and there were 297 exhibits.
The prosecutor in final arguments called the killings &ldquomonstrous, macabre and nightmarish . perhaps the most inhuman horror-filled hour of savage murder and human slaughter in the annals of recorded crime.&rdquo
He called Manson &ldquosomeone with a sick and morbid lust and preoccupation with death.&rdquo The women, he said, were Manson&rsquos &ldquorobots and zombies.&rdquo
The defense argued that someone other than the defendants might have done the killings. Attorneys said Manson was being prosecuted for his unpopular lifestyle, and that if the women were really robots, they couldn&rsquot perform the premeditation needed for first-degree murder.
The case first made headlines Aug. 10, 1969, when a maid found the bloody bodies of victims at the Tate estate.
The eight-months-pregnant honey blond actress, 25, wife of director Roman Polanski, lay stabbed on the living room floor near the body of Jay Sebring, 26, Hollywood hairstylist and her onetime fiancé.
Outside were the bodies of Polish playboy Wojciech Frykowski, 37, and his girlfriend, coffee heiress Abigail Folger, 26. Slain in his car was Stephen Parent, 18, shot as he left after visiting the caretaker.
&ldquoPIG&rdquo was smeared in blood on the door. A towel &ldquohood&rdquo covered Sebring&rsquos head. Police called the slayings &ldquoritualistic.&rdquo
The next day, a few miles away, the LaBiancas were found stabbed to death amid bloody scrawlings.
For four months police were baffled. Then, acting on a tip from a woman who said Miss Atkins told of the killings while the two shared a jail cell, police made mass arrests of Manson and his family, then living in a remote commune near Death Valley.
Manson, only 5 feet 6 but with what his followers called near-hypnotic powers, quickly emerged as the central figure. The son of a prostitute and habitué of prisons and institutions most of his life, he had formed his &ldquofamily&rdquo in San Francisco&rsquos hippie district and come to the Hollywood area to seek a singing career. Family members called him &ldquoGod&rdquo and &ldquoJesus&rdquo and &ldquoSatan&rdquo.
A onetime clan member, Linda Kasabian, star state witness at the trial, said Manson sent out two killer parties to the Tate and LaBianca homes, ordering the second set of killings because the first were &ldquotoo messy.&rdquo
Mrs. Kasabian, granted immunity from prosecution for her story, said Manson went along himself on the LaBianca trip but left before the actual killings. In 19 days on the stand, she told of seeing two killings and of hearing screams of other victims.
In Milford, New Hampshire, Mrs. Kasabian said of the verdict: &ldquoI&rsquom not surprised, but my heart really grieves for them.&rdquo
Other witnesses said Miss Atkins admitted killing Miss Tate after the latter pleaded to live and have her baby, then tasting her blood and finding it &ldquobeautiful.&rdquo
Witnesses said Miss Krenwinkel complained that her hand hurt after the Tate killings because she had stabbed so much, and that Miss Van Houten repeatedly stabbed a body that was already dead, and enjoyed it.
When the defense&rsquos turn came, attorneys surprised the court by resting. They said that if the women defendants were allowed to testify, they would tell stories that would incriminate themselves and clear Manson. The attorney said they would not allow this.
Manson testified in the jury&rsquos absence and said he&rsquod killed no one and ordered no one killed.
In a rumbling discourse he explained his lifestyle and said of women: &ldquoThese children who come at you with knives, they&rsquore your children. I didn&rsquot teach them. You did.&rdquo
He told the women not to testify and declined to repeat his story for jurors.
Trial highlights included frequent shouts and songs from defendants that got them banished to nearby detention rooms, where they listened via loudspeaker. Manson lunged once at the judge. Attorneys were jailed for contempt. One attorney vanished on a camping trip and had to be replaced.
Through it all, a band of loyal Manson clan women maintained a vigil in the street outside the Hall of Justice, waiting for their &ldquofather&rdquo to be freed from &ldquothe tower.&rdquo
Manson and Miss Atkins still face murder charges in the 1969 killing of Malibu musician Gary Hinman. Manson also is charged with murdering Donald &ldquoShorty&rdquo Shea, a hand who vanished from the clan&rsquos movie ranch commune. His body has not been found.
Manson was saved from execution when the California Supreme Court outlawed the death penalty in 1972. During his decades in the California State Prison in Corcoran, Manson received more mail than any other prisoner in the U.S. He was denied parole a dozen times and died, apparently of natural causes, on Nov. 19, 2017. He was 83.
Laurie Levenson, a professor at Loyola Law School who followed high-profile cases, described Manson in 2009 as the worst of the worst: "If you're going to be evil, you have to be off-the-charts evil, and Charlie Manson was off-the-charts evil," Levenson told CNN.
Despite the vicious brutality of the murders he committed or ordered, however, Manson became an icon of sorts to the more radical elements of the counterculture movement. His image is still seen on posters and T-shirts.
To others, he was an object of morbid curiosity. In addition to the best-selling "Helter Skelter," which was written by Manson prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi, and the TV movie released two years later, many other books and movies related to the Manson story have been released.
