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USS California ACR-5
Kalifornië II
ACR: dp. 13,680, 1. 603'11 ": b. 69'7", dr. 24'1 ", B. 22
k .; kpl. 829; a. 4 8 ", 14 6", 18 3 ", 2 18" tt .; kl.
Pennsylvania)
Die tweede Kalifornië (Armored Cruiser 6) is op 28 April 1904 van stapel gestuur deur Union Iron Works, San Francisco, Kalifornië .; geborg deur juffrou F. Pardee, en in opdrag van 1 Augustus 1907, kaptein V. L. Cottman in bevel.
Hy het by die 2d -afdeling, Pacific Fleet, Kalifornië, deelgeneem aan die vlootoorsig in San Francisco in Mei 1908 vir die Sekretaris van die Vloot. Afgesien van 'n vaart na Hawaii en Samoa in die herfs van 1908, het die kruiser langs die weskus gery, wat haar gereedheid verskerp het deur middel van oefenings en oefensessies, tot Desember 1911, toe sy na Honolulu seil, en in Maart 1912 voortgaan om dienswaarts te doen die Asiatiese stasie. Na hierdie diens wat Amerikaanse mag en aansien in die Verre Ooste verteenwoordig het, keer sy in Augustus 1912 huis toe en word beveel aan Corinto, Nicaragua, waarna sy in interne politieke onrus beland het. Hier beskerm sy Amerikaanse lewens en eiendom, en hervat dan haar bedrywighede langs die weskus; sy vaar uit Kalifornië en hou 'n wakende oog op Mexiko, terwyl sy destyds ook politieke onrus ondervind het.
Kalifornië is op 1 September 1914 na San Diego herdoop en was onder meer tydelik die vlagskip van die opperbevelhebber, Pacific Fleet, totdat 'n ketelontploffing haar in die somer van 1915 in die verminderde kommissie in Mare Island Navy Yard gebring het. San Diego keer weer diens toe. as vlagskip tot en met 12 Februarie 1917, toe sy in reserwestatus was tot die opening van die Eerste Wêreldoorlog, en in volle diens op 7 April, was die kruiser as vlagskip vir bevelvoerder, patrolliemag, Pacific Fleet, tot 18 Julie toe sy beveel is om die Atlantiese Vloot. By Hampton Roads, VA, op 4 Augustus, het sy by Cruiser Division 2 aangesluit en later die vlag van Commander, Cruiser Force, Atlantic, gebreek wat sy tot 19 September gevlieg het.
Die belangrikste missie van San Diego was die begeleiding van konvooie deur die eerste gevaarlike been van hul gange na Europa. Op grond van Tompkinsville, N.Y. en Halifax, N. S., het sy in die weergeteisterde, duikboot besmette Noord-Atlantiese Oseaan opereer om al haar aanklagte veilig na die seebegelei te vervoer. Op 19 Julie 1918, gebind van Portsmouth, N.H., na New York, is San Diego deur die Duitse duikboot U-156 suidoos van Fire Island getorpedeer. Die kruiser het in 28 minute gesink met die lewe van 6 lewens, die enigste groot oorlogskip wat die Verenigde State in die Eerste Wêreldoorlog verloor het.
USS Pennsylvania (ACR-4)
Geskryf deur: Staff Writer | Laaste wysiging: 26/09/2016 | Inhoud en kopie www.MilitaryFactory.com | Die volgende teks is eksklusief vir hierdie webwerf.
USS Pennsylvania (ACR-4) vorm die hoofskip van die ses sterk Pennsylvania-klas gepantserde kruisers wat tydens die vroeë 1900's saam met die Amerikaanse vloot diens gedoen het. Haar susters was USS West Virginia (ACR-5), USS California (ACR-6), USS Colorado (ACR-7), USS Maryland (ACR-8) en USS South Dakota (ACR-9). Die klas is van 1901 tot 1908 gebou en het tot 1927 gedien voordat dit geskrap is om die Amerikaanse verbintenis tot die Londense vlootverdrag van 1930 na te kom. Van die ses voltooide was een verlore. Almal is op verskillende tye in hul loopbane in die see herdoop om aanwysings vir inkomende slagskepe by die diens aan te sluit.
USS Pennsylvania is op 3 Maart 1899 bestel en gebou deur William Cramp & Sons van Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, terwyl haar kiel op 7 Augustus 1901 neergelê is. Sy is op 22 Augustus 1903 gelanseer en op 9 Maart 1905 formeel in gebruik geneem.
Soos voltooi, het die USS Pennsylvania 'n verplasing van 13 900 ton en 'n lengte van 504 voet, 'n balk van 69,6 voet en 'n diepgang van 24 voet. Die krag was van 32 x Niclausse -ketels wat 2 x drievoudige uitwisselende enjins voorsien wat 23 000 perdekrag na 2 x asse dryf. Spoed in ideale omstandighede kan tot 22 knope bereik. Haar bemanningskomplement was 889 onder leiding van 80 offisiere en bevat ongeveer 64 mariene elemente. Die skip se primêre battery was 4 x 8 "(200 mm) /40 kaliber Mark 5 -hoofgewere wat as twee gewere op twee torings gestel is. Dit is ondersteun deur 14 x 6" (150 mm) /50 kaliber Mark 6 -gewere en 18 x 3 "( 76 mm) /50 kaliber snelvuurkanonne. 12 x 3-ponder (47 mm) Driggs-Schroeder-gewere is ook gedra vir korter werk en 2 x 1-ponder (37 mm) Driggs-Schroeder-gewere is gebruik vir saluutfunksies. In die geval van ander oorlogskepe van die tydperk, is Pennsylvania ook voltooi met torpedobuise, dit is 2 x 18 "(460 mm) lanseerders. Pantserbeskerming het gewissel van 6 "by die gordel en 6" op haar dek tot 6.5 "by die torings en 9 duim by die toring.
Haar profiel bevat vier rooktrechter by middelskepe wat deur twee hoofmaste bespreek is. Haar bruggedeelte was gepas in die ontwerp, met 'n indrukwekkende uitsig oor die voorspelling. 'N Primêre rewolwer is aan die voorkant en die ander agterkant aangebring, terwyl gewere met 'n kleiner kaliber aan die sykant van die boonste romp uitsteek.
Haar eerste optrede was om die Amerikaanse ooskus en die Karibiese waters te vaar. Aan die einde van 1906 is sy na Asië gestuur om Amerikaanse handelsroetes en belange oorsee oor die Stille Oseaan af te dwing. Die vaartuig het daarna vir die laaste helfte van 1907 langs die Amerikaanse weskus gery en in 1910 oproepe na Chili en Peru bestuur. Voor 1911 het sy 'n opknapping ondergaan wat haar aandrywingskema verander het tot 8 x gemodifiseerde ketels met 12 x Babcock & Wilcox ketel eenhede. Haar het nog twee saluutgewere bygevoeg en haar 12 x 3-pond verloor. USS Pennsylvania word toe die ontvanger van die eerste vastevlerkvliegtuig wat op 'n skip beland het (met arrestor hook) toe die gebeurtenis op 18 Januarie 1911 opgeteken is. Om die taak aan te pak, is 'n kort vliegdek oor haar agterste gedeelte bygevoeg. Die byeenkoms het plaasgevind in San Francisco Bay, Kalifornië, met Eugene Ely onder die beheer van 'n tweedekker wat deur die motor aangedryf word.
Sy is middel 1911 na die reservaat gestuur en word 'n tyd lank as afrigter gebruik. As gevolg van die instroming van nuwe Amerikaanse slagskepe, verloor sy die naam "Pennsylvania" en word sy op 27 Augustus 1912 weer in gebruik geneem as "USS Pittsburgh", en eindig haar dae onder hierdie naam - hoewel dit op 17 Julie 1920 herklassifiseer is onder die romp -simbool van ( CA-4). Voor 1921 was sy deel van 'n ander opknapping.
As Pittsburgh het sy haar loopbaan in die see voortgesit voordat sy op 21 Desember 1931 vir afval verkoop is.
100 jaar later
Is dit moontlik dat moderne tegnologie die raaisel van wat presies gesink het, kan help oplos? San Diego? Die vloot probeer tans om dit te doen, met die wrak as 'n geleentheid om 'n oefenoefening vir mobiele duik en bergingseenheid twee uit te voer.
Volgens Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC), wat die opname van San Diego, “ Hierdie duik is deel van 'n deurlopende vennootskap om Navy-wrakplekke te gebruik wat waardevolle, nie-indringende opleiding bied vir die duik-, bergings- en reddingsgemeenskap.
Die opleiding wat wedersyds voordelig is, lei ook tot huidige inligting oor die toestand van gesinkte militêre vaartuie vir die NHHC's Underwater Archaeology Branch, wat verantwoordelik is vir die bestuur van die terrein. ”
Officer's Wardroom Pantry Call Box van die WWI-era-skip USS San Diego. Fotokrediete- Vlootgeskiedenis en erfenis
Huidige inligting is van kardinale belang vir die NHHC ’s tak vir onderwaterargeologie in die bestuur en bewaring van meer as 2 500 militêre skeepswrakke en 14 000 gesinkte vliegtuie, omdat gevare soos brandstofopslag of lewendige vuurwapens deur die jare blootgestel kan word as gevolg van omgewingsfaktore of ongemagtigde versteuring en #8221 (verbied in 2004) van aandenkingsjagters. 'N Unieke uitdaging vir baie wrakke is dat dit as oorlogsgrafte dien, en sommige bevat selfs staatsgeheime.
USS San Diego. Gefotografeer uit 'n vliegtuig in die hawe van San Diego, Kalifornië, 28 Maart 1916. Versameling van Thomas P. Naughton, 1973. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph.
Volgens NHHC, reddings- en bergingsskip van Military Sealift Command USNS Gryp (T-ARS-51) neem deel aan die duike, en meer spesifiek word hulle gedokumenteer deur 'n massakommunikasie-spesialis van Expeditionary Combat Camera in wat die laaste operasionele missie van die bevel sal wees voordat dit in die herfs na meer as tien jaar gestaak word. 100 jaar diens wat vloot- en militêre operasies regoor die wêreld dokumenteer. ”
In 2017 kon duikers vasstel dat die skipbreuk van die San Diego was in 'n goeie toestand vir sy ouderdom, maar hul visuele bewyse was te verbloem om beslis te kan sê dat 'n myn die skade aan die romp aangerig het - skade wat vinnig agteruitgaan met die jare. In 2018 is daar 'n nuwe kans dat raaisel opgelos kan word en 'n onsekerheid uit die verhaal verwyder kan word USS San Diego en sy dapper bemanning.
USS California ACR -5 - Geskiedenis
Die Kalifornië (SSN 781) is die agtste duikboot van die Virginia-klas en die agtste Amerikaanse vlootskip wat na die staat Kalifornië vernoem is. Die kontrak om haar te bou, is toegeken aan Newport News Shipbuilding op 14 Augustus 2003. Bouwerk het op 15 Februarie 2006 begin, met kielverifikasie op 1 Mei 2009.
6 November 2010 Die Pre-Commissioning Unit (PCU) Kalifornië word gedoop tydens 'n seremonie om 11:00 in Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding, Newport News, Va. Mev. Donna Willard, vrou van adm. die skip. Kmdt. Dana A. Nelson is die voornemende bevelvoerder. Die skip is op 14 November gelanseer.
2 Julie 2011 Die Kalifornië keer terug na Huntington Ingalls Industries Newport News Shipbuilding nadat hy sy alfa -seeproewe suksesvol voltooi het.
Op 7 Augustus het die Amerikaanse vloot PCU California by HII Newport News Shipbuilding meer as agt-en-'n-half maande vroeg na die kontrakdatum afgelewer en byna vyf maande vinniger as die vorige aflewering van New Mexico in New Mexico (SSN 779).
Op 21 Oktober keer SSN 781 terug na die vlootstasie Norfolk nadat hy 'n ses weke lange proefneming van wapensisteme suksesvol voltooi het.
29 Oktober, Is USS California in gebruik geneem tydens 'n EDT -seremonie om 11:00 by Naval Station Norfolk, Va.
6 Januarie 2012 Die Kalifornië het by sy nuwe tuiste van Naval Submarine Base New London in Groton, Connecticut, aangekom.
29 Januarie 2013 USS California keer terug na die Naval Submarine Base New London na 'n 11-maande Post Shakedown-beskikbaarheid (PSA) by die General Dynamics Electric Boat-werf.
1 Februarie, Kmdt. Shawn W. Huey verlig kmdt. Dana A. Nelson as CO van die Kalifornië tydens 'n bevelwisseling by die Naval Submarine Library and Museum in Groton.
12 Mei 2014 USS California vertrek uit Naval Submarine Base New London vir roetine opleiding.
Op 8 Junie het die aanval-duikboot van die Virginia-klas in Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, aangekom vir herstelwerk wat op 30 Junie ongedaan gemaak is.
2 Julie?, USS California vertrek uit Groton vir die eerste ontplooiing in die Noord -Atlantiese Oseaan.
14 Oktober, Die Kalifornië vasgemeer by Carrier Pier 3 in Arsenal de Brest, Frankryk, vir 'n drie dae lange hawe-oproep.
12 Januarie 2015 SSN 781 het onlangs vasgemeer by Naval Station Rota, Spanje, vir 'n gereelde hawe -oproep.
24 Januarie, Het USS California na 'n ses maande lange ontplooiing na NSB New London teruggekeer. Die sub het meer as 40 000 n.m. gereis en het ook hawe -oproepe gemaak na Faslane, Skotland en Haakonsvern, Noorweë.
24 April, Kmdt. John E. Sager verlig kmdt. Shawn W. Huey as die 3de CO van Kalifornië tydens 'n opdragverandering seremonie aan boord van die sub by NSB New London.
7 Augustus, Kalifornië vertrek vanaf Naval Station Mayport, Fla., Na 'n gereelde hawe -oproep Kort stop by NSB New London vir personeeloordrag op 17 Augustus.
16 Oktober, die agtste aanval-duikboot van Virginia-klas keer terug na die tuis hawe na 'n maand lange roetine-opleiding. Op pad na Groton, USS California, het federale, staats- en plaaslike amptenare begin om 'Connecticut & rsquos Submarine Century' af te skop, 'n jaarlikse viering ter herdenking van die aankoms van die eerste duikboot na NSB New London.
5 November vertrek USS California uit Port Canaveral, Fla., Na 'n gereelde hawe -oproep teruggekeer na Groton op 23 November.
4 Februarie 2016 Die Kalifornië keer terug na die Naval Submarine Base New London nadat hy op 5 Februarie weer aan die gang was vir gereelde opleiding. Kort stop by Groton op 9 Februarie Op pad na plaaslike bedrywighede in Maart? Kort stop by Groton op 7 en 9 Maart vasgemeer by Pier 10N op 14 Maart Weer op pad op 2 April ?.
1 Mei, SSN 781 vasgemeer by Trident Wharf in Port Canaveral, Florida, vir 'n kort rukkie om VIP -gaste te besoek.
Op 2 Mei het USS California aan die buitekant van die USS Cole (DDG 67) vasgemeer by Berth 21, Pier 7 in Port Everglades, Florida, vir 'n week lange hawe-besoek om deel te neem aan die jaarlikse Fleet Week-viering.
23 Mei, Die Kalifornië het 'n kort rukkie by Groton gestop vir personeeloordrag. Op 25 Mei weer huis toe gegaan Op 1 Junie weer aan die gang? Kort stop by Groton op 21 Junie, 24 Junie, 11, 14 en 17 Julie Terug op 20 Julie na NSB New London.
2 Augustus, USS California vertrek van die hawe na 'n geskeduleerde ontplooiing in die Noord -Atlantiese Oseaan.
5 November het Kalifornië vasgemeer by Her Majesty Naval Base (HMNB) Clyde in Faslane, Skotland, vir 'n middel-ontplooiingsreis.
12 Januarie 2017 SSN 781 het onlangs vasgemeer by kooi 3, Pier 1 op Naval Station Rota, Spanje, het 'n laai -oefening uitgevoer, in samewerking met Navy Munitions Command Rota en Naval Submarine Support Facility (NSSF) New London, op 13 Januarie aan die gang 18 Januarie.
Op 31 Januarie het Kalifornië 'n kort rukkie by Groton gestop om die personeel van die Nuclear Propulsion Examination Board (NPEB) te begin vir Operational Reactor Safeguards Examination (ORSE).
2 Februarie, USS California vasgemeer by Pier 8N op Naval Submarine Base New London na 'n ses maande lange ontplooiing. Die sub het meer as 30 000 seemyl afgelê en ook hawe -oproepe na Haakonsvern, Noorweë, gemaak.
Op 16 Maart keer die aanval-duikboot van die Virginia-klas na 'n nege dae lange terugkeer huis toe.
31 Maart onthef kapt Brian L. Sittlow kapt John E. McGunnigle jr. As bevelvoerder, Submarine Squadron (COMSUBRON) 4, tydens 'n bevelwisseling aan boord van die USS California by NSB New London.
2 Mei, USS California vasgemeer by Wharf D1 in Naval Station Mayport, Fla., Vir 'n kort stop vasgemeer by Trident Wharf in Port Canaveral in samewerking met die Space Coast Submarine Birthday Ball van 6-7 Mei teruggekeer huis toe?
1 Junie ?, Die Kalifornië vertrek van die hawe na die voornemende bevelvoerende bevelvoerder (PCO) se bedrywighede by Trident Wharf in Port Canaveral vir 'n kort stop op 19 Junie en 26 Junie by Pier 6N in Naval Submarine Base New London op 2 Junie?
7 Julie, Kmdt. David Payne verlig kmdt. John E. Sager as CO van die SSN 781 tydens 'n opdragverandering in die Dealey Center-teater op NSB New London.
12 Julie, USS California vertrek vanaf Naval Submarine Base New London vir roetine -operasies wat op 17 Julie by Trident Wharf in Port Canaveral vasgemeer is. Op 20 Julie het oppervlakte -operasies vanaf Port Everglades uitgevoer. Kort stop by Groton op 4 Augustus. 11 Weer op pad op 6 Oktober.
Op 10 Oktober het Kalifornië 'n kort rukkie by Groton gestop vir personeeloordrag. Op 13 Oktober en 18 Oktober weer by Groton afgemeet by die werf van 'n elektriese boot, teruggekeer op 2 November.
24 Januarie 2018 het USS California vasgemeer by die Naval Submarine Base New London nadat dit aan die gang was vir roetine -operasies.
2 Maart?, USS California vertrek van die hawe na 'n geskeduleerde ontplooiing in die Noord -Atlantiese Oseaan.
3 Junie, Die Kalifornië vertrek vanaf HMNB Clyde in Faslane, Skotland, nadat 'n roetine-hawe weer van 6 tot 6 Augustus by HMNB Clyde afgemeet is.
21 September, USS California vasgemeer by Pier 8N op die Naval Submarine Base New London na 'n ontplooiing van ses maande. Die sub het ongeveer 42 000 seemyl afgelê en het ook hawe -oproepe na Haakonsvern, Noorweë, gemaak.
Februarie?, 2019 SSN 781 vertrek Naval Submarine Base New London vir roetine operasies Kort stop by Groton vir personeeloordrag op 6 en 8 Februarie.
5 Mei, USS California vasgemeer aan die kade by Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, vir 'n Drydocking Selected Restricted Availability (DSRA) het op 11 Julie die Dry Dock #3 binnegekom.
13 Maart 2020 Kmdt. James Henry verlig kmdt. David Payne as CO van die Kalifornië tydens 'n opdragverandering by die ouditorium van die Portsmouth Naval Shipyard.
6 Junie 2021 vertrek USS California Portsmouth Naval Shipyard vir see -proewe wat op 12 Junie by die Naval Submarine Base New London vasgemeer is?
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U.S.S. CALIFORNIA
Die USS CALIFORNIA (CGN-36), 'n kernkruisboot van Kalifornië, is op 16 FEB 1974 in gebruik geneem. USS CALIFORNIA het aanvanklik by die Atlantiese vloot diens gedoen nadat dit in gebruik geneem is. Haar eerste oorsteek van die Atlantiese Oseaan was vir die 25ste herdenking van koningin Elizabeth II op die troon van Engeland. CALIFORNIA se volgende "MED" -ontplooiings het 'n bestemming van die Indiese Oseaan gehad as gevolg van die Iraanse gyselaarskrisis. Die tweede hiervan is afgesluit as 'n rondvaart oor die hele wêreld. Met die verskuiwing van die tuiste na Alameda, Kalifornië, in 1983, het CALIFORNIA se ontplooiings haar na die Westelike Stille Oseaan geneem en dikwels terug na die Indiese Oseaan. USS CALIFORNIA het haar land 25 jaar, 4 maande en 23 dae lank gedien totdat dit op 9 JUL 1999 ontmantel is. Die hulk van die CALIFORNIA is verwerk deur die Nuclear-Powered Ship-Submarine Recycling Facility by Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Mei 2000 voltooi.
Die ontplooiingsgeskiedenis van die USS CALIFORNIA (CGN-36) en belangrike gebeurtenisse in haar diensloopbaan volg:
USS California (CGN 36)
USS CALIFORNIA was die hoofskip van die vierde klas kernkruisvaartuie met geleide missiele in die vloot en die sesde skip in die vloot wat die naam gedra het.
| Algemene kenmerke: | Toegeken: 13 Junie 1968 |
| Keel gelê: 23 Januarie 1970 | |
| Bekendgestel: 22 September 1971 | |
| In gebruik geneem: 16 Februarie 1974 | |
| Ontmantel: 9 Julie 1999 | |
| Bouwer: Newport News Shipbuilding Co., Newport News Va. | |
| Aandrywingstelsel: twee D2G General Electric kernreaktors | |
| Propellers: twee | |
| Lengte: 597 voet (182 meter) | |
| Straal: 61 voet (18,6 meter) | |
| Diepgang: 9,6 meter | |
| Verplasing: ongeveer. 10 500 ton | |
| Spoed: 30+ knope | |
| Vliegtuie: geen, maar landingsplatform | |
| Bewapening: twee Mk 141 Harpoon-raketwerpers, twee liggewere van Mk 45 5-duim/54 kaliber, twee 20 mm Phalanx CIWS, een ASROC-raketlanseerder, twee Mk 13-missielwerpers vir standaardmissiele (MR), Mk 46 torpedo's | |
| Bemanning: 40 beamptes en 544 aangewys |
Hierdie afdeling bevat die name van matrose wat aan boord van USS CALIFORNIA gedien het. Dit is geen amptelike lys nie, maar bevat die name van matrose wat hul inligting ingedien het.
USS CALIFORNIA Cruise Books:
Ongelukke aan boord van USS CALIFORNIA:
| Datum | Waar | Gebeurtenisse | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Junie 1977 | Norfolk, Va. |
Die kiel is gelê vir die "Golden Grizzly" op 23 Januarie 1970 by die Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Newport News, Va. Mev. Richard M. Nixon. Die USS CALIFORNIA is op 16 Februarie 1974 in gebruik geneem by Pier 12 van die Norfolk Naval Station, Norfolk, Va. |  |  |
| President Woodrow Wilson | Sekretaris van die vloot Josephus Daniels | Assistent -sekretaris van die vloot Franklin D Roosevelt in 1913, 31 jaar oud* |
* In die Tweede Wêreldoorlog spreek die Britse Eerste Sea Lord en destydse premier Winston Churchill president Roosevelt as 'voormalige vlootpersoon' vanweë laasgenoemde se pos in die Eerste Wêreldoorlog. Churchill self is eers in 1911 op 37 -jarige ouderdom vir die eerste keer aangestel as First Sea Lord totdat hy in 1915 bedank het.
Die opperbevelhebber van die Amerikaanse vloot was die president, en gedurende hierdie tydperk was:
| 6 Maart 1897- 14 September 1901- 6 Maart 1909 6 Maart 1913- 6 Maart 1921- | William B McKinley Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Warren G Harding |
Roetine administrasie is oorgedra aan die sekretaris van die vloot:
| 6 Maart 1897- 1 Mei 1902- 1 Julie 1904- 1 Julie 1905- 5 Desember 1907 1 Desember 1908- 6 Maart 1909 6 Maart 1913- 6 Maart 1921- | John D Long William H. Moody Paul Morton Charles Bonaparte Victor Metcalf Truman Newberry George Meyer Josephus Daniels Edwin Denby |
Amongst the Assistant Secretaries of the Navy were the related Roosevelts:
| 19th April 1897-10th May 1898- 17th March 1913-26th August 1920- 10th March 1921-30th September 1924- | Theodore Roosevelt Franklin D Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Jr. |
The heads of each could be a civilian or a naval officer, all of whom were considered as Rear Admirals who were 'additional in grade' and outside the restrictions of age, time in office etc, which applied to flag officers.
Two further developments took place in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War:
(1) The General Board was created on 14th September 1901 as a forum which could tender advice to the Secretary of the Navy on all matters pertaining to the development of the service. Composed largely of senior flag officers on the verge of retirement, it was chaired by Admiral Dewey until 1917. He was succeeded by Rear Admiral Albert Winterhalter who had been CinC Asiatic Fleet.
(2) On 7th May 1903, the coastline of the United States was divided into a series of Naval Districts. Initially responsible for coast defences, they assumed a wider range of responsibilities from 1911. Most naval district commanders of this period were junior flag officers or captains. Some remained paper organisations, without staff, until 1915. None can be equated with the Royal Navy's Home Commands, the French Maritime Prefectures, or the German Baltic and North Sea Naval Stations.
| 1st Naval District 2nd Naval District 3rd Naval District 4th Naval District 5th Naval District 6th Naval District 7th Naval District 8th Naval District 9th-11th Naval Districts 12th Naval District 13th Naval District 14th Naval District 15th Naval District | Boston Newport RI New York Philadelphia Norfolk Charleston Miami New Orleans Great Lakes San Francisco Seattle Hawaii - formed 1916 Panama CZ - August 1917 |
Until 11th May 1915, there was no equivalent to the Chief of the Naval Staff in the United States Navy. There was a flag officer described as Aide for Operations to the General Board. The post of Chief of Naval Operations was created as a result of knowledge of the role of similar positions in London, Paris and Berlin.
The status of the post was enhanced when the first occupant, Rear Admiral William Benson [who was the most junior flag officer] was given the acting rank of Admiral for the duration of his term of office [4 years]. He was succeeded by Admiral Robert Coontz on 1st November 1919. Throughout his term of office, his staff consisted of one captain and one clerk.
3. FLAG OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY.
 |  |  |  |
| Admiral William Benson, Chief of Naval Operations | Admiral Henry Mayo, Atlantic Fleet | Admiral William Caperton, Pacific Fleet | Admiral Albert Winterhalter, Asiatic Fleet until 1917 |
The four posts designated for rank of admiral
The only substantive rank of flag officer was that of Rear Admiral . The singular exception to this was Admiral of the Navy George Dewey who had been given a special life-time rank as a reward for his victory at Manila Bay in 1898. From 1915, a small number of flag officers were given the acting rank of either Vice Admiral or Admiral while holding certain designated appointments . They reverted to Rear Admiral when relinquishing those appointments.
Four posts were designated for the rank of Admiral :
One post was designated as a Vice Admiral's appointment:
From 1917 the new post of Commander US Naval Forces Europe was designated as a Vice Admiral and then upgraded to Admiral in December 1918.
At the same time, the Commander Cruiser Force, Atlantic Fleet and the Commander US Naval Forces France became Vice Admirals.
This system of a single substantive rank, and a few temporary promotions, prevailed until the end of World War Two. The same system applied in the United States Army. It was the result of congressional determination to prevent the emergence of an officer class with possible political aspirations. This had been the response to misgivings over the role of President George Washington and Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in the 1790's.
A further method of asserting civilian control was legislation which determined the age limits, length of sea service, and description of the posts to be held by flag officers. All appointments were subject to approval by the United States Senate. A major consequence of this legislation was the relatively brief spell in office of an individual flag officer, most of whom did not hold more than the one appointment.
As a result the United States Navy had a relatively faster turnover of flag officers than its European counterparts. When expansion occurred in 1917, the Navy Department had to resort to a series of temporary appointments for the duration of the conflict.
The following table shows the numbers of flag officers available for service between 1914 and 1919. Four categories of flag officer are listed - substantive rank additional in grade - these are the bureau chiefs temporary and temporary additional in grade.
| Datum | Substantive | Temporary | Additional in Grade | Temp. Bykomend |
| 1.1.14 | 25 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| 1.1.15 | 26 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| 1.1.16 | 24 | 0 | 6* | 0 |
| 1.1.17 | 30 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| 1.1.18 | 24 | 10 | 9 | 4 |
| 1.1.19 | 25 | 30 | 14 | 2 |
* plus possibly 3 administrative posts filled by civilians
[all Rear Admirals except *** Vice Admiral and ****Admiral]
 |  |  |  |
| Admiral William Sims* US Naval Forces Europe | Admiral Henry B Wilson** US Naval Forces France | Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman, 6BS, Grand Fleet (US Atlantic Fleet) | Rear Admiral Joseph Strauss , Mine Force (US Atlantic Fleet) |
Commanders Active in European Waters
Aide of Operations, General Board
11.2.1913-Bradley Fiske
Bureau or Equivalent Chiefs
(it is not known when the "Bu" abbreviations were introduced or which of them are relevant to this list)
| Yards & Docks (BuDocks) see Bureau of Docks & Yards, 1917-1918 | Howard Stanford .16-Fred Harris .17-Charles Parks |
| Navigation (BuNav) | Victor Blue .16-Leigh Palmer .18-Victor Blue |
| Bureau Ordnance (BuOrd) | Joseph Strauss .16-Ralph Earle |
| Construction & Repair (BuCon) | Richard Watt .14-David Taylor |
| Steam Engineering (BuEng from 1920) | Robert Griffin |
| Supplies & Accounts (BuSandS) | Samuel McGowan |
| Medicine & Surgery (BuMed) | Charles Stoke .14-William Braisted |
| Judge Advocate General (JAG) | Ridley Maclean .17-William Watts .18-George Clark |
| Commandant USMC | [created 1918] George Barnett |
USS Sealion Was The Navy&rsquos Unique Helicopter-Accommodating Submarine
From the very early days of naval aviation, there have been attempts, some more successful than others, to operate fixed-wing aircraft, chiefly floatplanes, from submarines. By the time the helicopter had become an established part of air warfare, soon after World War II, the idea of any kind of aircraft-carrying submarines was essentially dead. But that didn’t stop the U.S. Navy from operating at least one helicopter from a submarine, during a remarkable series of trials aboard the USS Seeleeu in the mid-1950s.
By now, the helicopter had proven its worth in Korea and was increasingly becoming indispensable for maritime operations, too, its key missions including search and rescue, utility transport, and anti-submarine warfare. There was another mission that the helicopter was quickly making its own — amphibious assault. In November 1956, the Suez Crisis fiasco in Egypt saw British commandos flown by helicopter from the decks of aircraft carriers as part of an amphibious invasion force. It was the first time that such an operation was carried out and it would prove hugely influential.
5 Facts About Pearl Harbor and USS Arizona
1. Twenty-three sets of brothers died aboard USS Arizona.
There were 37 confirmed pairs or trios of brothers assigned to USS Arizona on December 7, 1941. Of these 77 men, 62 were killed, and 23 sets of brothers died. Only one full set of brothers, Kenneth and Russell Warriner, survived the attack Kenneth was away at flight school in San Diego on that day and Russell was badly wounded but recovered. Both members of the ship’s only father-and-son pair, Thomas Augusta Free and his son William Thomas Free, were killed in action.
Though family members often served on the same ship before World War II, U.S. officials attempted to discourage the practice after Pearl Harbor. However, no official regulations were established, and by the end of the war hundreds of brothers had fought𠅊nd died¬—together. The five Sullivan brothers of Waterloo, Iowa, for instance, jointly enlisted after learning that a friend, Bill Ball, had died aboard USS Arizona Their only condition upon enlistment was that they be assigned to the same ship. In November 1942, all five siblings were killed in action when their light cruiser, USS Juneau, was sunk during the Battle of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.
2. USS Arizona’s entire band was lost in the attack.
Almost half of the casualties at Pearl Harbor occurred on the naval battleship USS Arizona, which was hit four times by Japanese bombers and eventually sank. Among the 1,177 crewmen killed were all 21 members of the Arizona’s band, known as U.S. Navy Band Unit (NBU) 22. Most of its members were up on deck preparing to play music for the daily flag raising ceremony when the attack began. They instantly moved to man their battle positions beneath the ship’s gun turret. At no other time in American history has an entire military band died in action.
The night before the attack, NBU 22 had attended the latest round of the annual �ttle of Music” competition between military bands from U.S. ships based at Pearl Harbor. Contrary to some reports, NBU 22 did not perform, having already qualified for the finals set to be held on December 20, 1941. Following the assault, the unit was unanimously declared the winner of that year’s contest, and the award was permanently renamed the USS Arizona Band Trophy.
3. Fuel continues to leak from USS Arizona’s wreckage.
On December 6, 1941, Arizona took on a full load of fuel—nearly 1.5 million gallons—in preparation for its scheduled trip to the mainland later that month. The next day, much of it fed the explosion and subsequent fires that destroyed the ship following its attack by Japanese bombers. However, despite the raging fire and ravages of time, some 500,000 gallons are still slowly seeping out of the ship’s submerged wreckage: Nearly 70 years after its demise, Arizona continues to spill up to 9 quarts of oil into the harbor each day. In the mid-1990s, environmental concerns led the National Park Service to commission a series of site studies to determine the long-term effects of the oil leakage.
Some scientists have warned of a possible �tastrophic” eruption of oil from the wreckage, which they believe would cause extensive damage to the Hawaiian shoreline and disrupt U.S. naval functions in the area. The NPS and other governmental agencies continue to monitor the deterioration of the wreck site but are reluctant to perform extensive repairs or modifications due to the Arizona’s role as a “war grave.” In fact, the oil that often coats the surface of the water surrounding the ship has added an emotional gravity for many who visit the memorial and is sometimes referred to as the “tears of the Arizona,” or 𠇋lack tears.”
4. Some former crewmembers have chosen USS Arizona as their final resting place.
The bonds between the crewmembers of Arizona have lasted far beyond the ship’s loss on December 7, 1941. Since 1982, the U.S. Navy has allowed survivors of USS Arizona to be interred in the ship’s wreckage upon their deaths. Following a full military funeral at the Arizona memorial, the cremated remains are placed in an urn and then deposited by divers beneath one of the Arizona’s gun turrets. To date, more than 30 Arizona crewmen who survived Pearl Harbor have chosen the ship as their final resting place. Crewmembers who served on the ship prior to the attack may have their ashes scattered above the wreck site, and those who served on other vessels stationed at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, may have their ashes scattered above their former ships. As of November 2011, only 18 of the 355 crewmen who survived the bombing of USS Arizona are known to be alive.
5. A memorial was built at the USS Arizona site, thanks in part to Elvis Presley.
After Arizona sank, its superstructure and main armament were salvaged and reused to support the war effort, leaving its hull, two gun turrets and the remains of more than 1,000 crewmen submerged in less than 40 feet of water. In 1949 the Pacific War Memorial Commission was established to create a permanent tribute to those who had lost their lives in the attack on Pearl Harbor, but it wasn’t until 1958 that President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation to create a national memorial. The funds to build it came from both the public sector and private donors, including one unlikely source. In March 1961, entertainer Elvis Presley, who had recently finished a two-year stint in the U.S. Army, performed a benefit concert at Pearl Harbor’s Block Arena that raised over $50,000—more than 10 percent of the USS Arizona Memorial’s final cost. The monument was officially dedicated on May 30, 1962, and attracts more than 1 million visitors each year.
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