1 Junie 1943

Historiese gebeure in Julie 1943

3de slagdag in Koersk: Duitsers beset Dubrova. Erich Hartmann skiet 7 Russiese vliegtuie op Kursk Liberator-bomwerpers laat sak U-517 Duitse duikboot U-951 wat deur dieptelade ingesink is, van Kaap St. Algemene model gebruik die laaste tenkreserwe

Ontmoeting van belang

8 Julie Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (Nederlandse Nasionaal-Sosialistiese Beweging) leier Anton Mussert vergader met Heinrich Himmler

Amerikaanse invlootvloot verby Bizerta Tunisië 5de slagdag in Koersk: Duitsers beset Verchopenje Britse lugaanval U-435 6de slagdag by Koersk Amerikaanse, Britse en Kanadese magte val Sicilië binne in die Tweede Wêreldoorlog (Operasie Husky) 7de slagdag in Koersk

Gebeurtenis van Rente

11 Julie Teenaanval deur die gepantserde afdeling van Hermann Goering in Sicilië

Amerikaanse 45ste afdeling beslaan lughawe Comiso Sicilië, Amerikaanse 82ste lugafdeling wat deur 'vriendelike vuur' geskiet is in Sicily Massacres of Poles in Volhynia. Slag van Kolombangara (Tweede Slag van Golf van Kula) vorm die Nasionale Komitee Freies Deutschland

Gebeurtenis van Rente

12 Julie Pous Pius XII ontvang die Duitse ambassadeur baron von Weizsacker

Sowjet -offensief tydens Orel Tweede Wêreldoorlog: Slag van Prokhorovka - Russe verslaan Duitse magte in een van die grootste tenkgevegte 11de All Star Baseball Game: AL wen 5-3 in Shibe Park, Philadelphia Grootste tenkgeveg in die geskiedenis eindig met Rusland se nederlaag van Duitsland by Koersk, byna 6 000 tenks neem deel, 2900 verlore deur Duitsland RAF bombardeer die vuurpylbasis van Duitsland, Peenemunde

Gebeurtenis van Rente

20 Julie Amerikaanse gesamentlike stafhoofde ondervra admiraal Chester Nimitz oor die landing op Gilbert -eiland

Film Premier

21 Julie "Stormy Weather", geregisseer deur Andrew L. Stone, met Bill Robinson, Lena Horne en Fats Waller in die hoofrol en sing 'Is Misbehavin' in première in die VSA

Gebeurtenis van Rente

22 Julie Amerikaanse magte onder leiding van generaal George S. Patton bevry Palermo, Sicilië

Slag van Koersk, USSR eindig in Nazi -nederlaag (6 000 tenks) Amerikaanse 45ste infanteriedivisie beslaan die noordkus van Termini Operation Gomorrah: RAF begin met bombardemente van Hamburg (tot 3 Augustus), skep 'n vuurstorm en vermoor 42,600 mense se eerste oorlogskip vernoem na 'n Afro -Amerikaner wat gelanseer is. - USS Leonard Roy Harmon, 'n Buckley -klas vernietiger

Val van Benito Mussolini

25 Julie Benito Mussolini ontslaan as Italiaanse premier en gearresteer op gesag van koning Victor Emmanuel III

Opposisiegroep Zwaantje vorm in Delfzijl RAF bombardeer Fokker -vliegtuigfabriek in Amsterdam 120 ° F (49 ° C), Tishmoningo, Oklahoma (staatsrekord) Otto Skorzeny se kommandogroep arriveer in Rome 772 Britse bomwerpers val Hamburg aan

Gebeurtenis van Rente

28 Julie Die Italiaanse fascistiese diktator Benito Mussolini bedank

Oprigting van diplomatieke betrekkinge, 1778.

Diplomatieke betrekkinge is op 6 Augustus 1778 tot stand gebring toe Conrad Alexandre Gérard sy geloofsbriewe as minister-gevolmagtigde en konsul-generaal aan die kongres voorgelê het. Benjamin Franklin is op 14 September 1778 aangestel as die eerste gevolmagtigde van die Amerikaanse minister in Frankryk en is op 23 Maart 1779 deur die Franse regering geakkrediteer.

Oprigting van die Amerikaanse diplomatieke sending in Frankryk, 1779.

'N Amerikaanse diplomatieke sending in Parys is die eerste keer op 23 Maart 1779 gestig, toe Benjamin Franklin sy geloofsbrief as minister-gevolmagtigde aan die Franse hof voorgelê het.

Onderbreek diplomatieke betrekkinge, 1798.

In 7 Julie 1798, na die sogenaamde 'XYZ-aangeleentheid', het die Amerikaanse kongres die verdrae van 1778 en 'n voorafgaande konsulêre konvensie opgehef. Die Franse aanvaar die afskaffing egter eers as wetlik bindend na die bekragtiging van die 1800-verdrag van vriendskap en handel.

Hervatting van diplomatieke en kulturele betrekkinge met Frankryk, 1801.

Na die uitbreek van die kwasi-oorlog het die VSA en Frankryk op 30 September 1800 'n verdrag van vriendskap en handel onderteken (ook bekend as die Verdrag van Morfontaine), wat hersien is en later op 31 Julie 1801 deur beide kante bekragtig is. .

Verhoging van die Amerikaanse legasie tot ambassade -status, 1893.

Die Amerikaanse Legasie in Parys is op 8 April 1893 tot ambassade -status verhef. James B. Eustis, wat sedert 20 Maart 1893 as Buitengewone Gesant en Gevolmagtigde Minister gedien het, was die eerste Amerikaanse Ambassadeur in Frankryk. Hy het voortgegaan om as ambassadeur te dien totdat hy op 24 Mei 1897 herroep is.

Amerikaanse ambassadeur geskei van die Franse regering, 1940.

Duitsland val Frankryk op 15 Mei 1940 binne, en toe die Franse weerstand in duie stort, verlaat die Franse regering Parys op 10 Junie om na Bordeaux te gaan. Die Amerikaanse ambassadeur, William C. Bullitt, het in Parys gebly om toesig te hou oor die ontruiming van Amerikaanse en Britse burgerlikes, terwyl die personeel van die Amerikaanse ambassade die Franse regering gevolg het. Die Amerikaanse minister van buitelandse sake, Cordell Hull, het Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, Jr., op 13 Junie aangewys as adjunk -ambassadeur van die Amerikaanse regering naby die setel van die Franse regering, 'n rol wat hy vervul het tot 24 Junie, toe die departement hom beveel om te vertrek Frankryk en hervat sy pligte as ambassadeur by die Poolse regering in ballingskap. Na die besetting van Bordeaux het die ambassade-personeel saam met die Franse regering na die omgewing van Clermont-Ferrand verhuis, waar Bullitt op of ongeveer 29 Junie weer aangesluit het voordat hy op 11 Julie vertrek het.

Amerikaanse ambassade verhuis na Vichy, 1940.

Op 16 Junie 1940 bedank die Franse premier Paul Reynaud ten gunste van maarskalk Henri Philippe Pétain, wat terme vir 'n wapenstilstand uit Duitsland versoek en toesig hou oor Frankryk se oorgawe op 22 Junie 1940. Op 10 Julie 1940 vergader die Franse parlement in Vichy en het volle en buitengewone magte aan marskalk Pétain verleen, insluitend die bevoegdheid om 'n nuwe grondwet te skryf. Die Amerikaanse ambassade verhuis naby die setel van die nuwe Vichy -bewind in die somer van 1940. William D. Leahy het sy geloofsbriewe as buitengewone en gevolmagtigde ambassadeur op 8 Januarie 1941 aan die Franse regering in Vichy voorgelê, 'n pos wat hy tot 1 Mei beklee het, 1942.

Diplomatieke betrekkinge deur Frankryk verbreek, 1942.

Vichy Frankryk het op 8 November 1942 diplomatieke betrekkinge met die Verenigde State verbreek, toe premier Pierre Laval die Amerikaanse beskuldigde in Vichy, S. Pinkney Tuck, in kennis gestel het van sy regering se besluit. Hierdie Franse besluit het gevolg op die Anglo-Amerikaanse inval in Frans-Noord-Afrika.

Beperkte Amerikaanse erkenning van die Franse Komitee vir Nasionale Bevryding, 1943.

Op 3 Junie 1943 is die Franse Komitee vir Nasionale Bevryding (FCNL) in Algiers gestig onder leiding van mede-presidente Charles de Gaulle en Henri Giraud. Op 24 Augustus 1943 het president Roosevelt die waarnemende minister van buitelandse sake, Adolf A. Berle, opdrag gegee om 'n boodskap aan die Amerikaanse minister Robert D. Murphy (Roosevelt se persoonlike verteenwoordiger in Algiers) te stuur wat twee dae later aan lede van die FCNL versprei sou word. Die boodskap het aangekondig dat die Amerikaanse regering 'die Franse komitee vir nasionale bevryding erken' as die administrasie van die gebiede wat sy gesag erken '. Die boodskap het egter "nie erkenning van 'n regering van Frankryk of van die Franse ryk deur die regering van die Verenigde State behels nie", maar eerder 'erkenning van die Franse komitee vir nasionale bevryding as funksionering binne spesifieke beperkings tydens die oorlog, "Waarna" die mense van Frankryk ... te alle tye hul eie regering en hul eie amptenare sal kies om dit te administreer. "

Amerikaanse erkenning van die voorlopige regering van die Franse Republiek, 1944.

Op 16 Mei 1944 het die waarnemende Amerikaanse verteenwoordiger by die FCNL in Algiers, Selden Chapin, sekretaris Hull meegedeel dat die voorlopige raadgewende vergadering van die FCNL 'n eenparige resolusie aangeneem het dat die FCNL nou as die voorlopige regering van die Franse Republiek (PGFR). Op 19 Oktober 1944 het sekretaris Hull die Amerikaanse verteenwoordiger aan die FCNL, Jefferson Caffery, meegedeel dat die president besluit het om die PGFR te erken as "die de facto -gesag wat in Parys gevestig was onder leiding van generaal De Gaulle, ten tyde van [ die] aankondiging deur die Franse oor die skepping van 'n binnekant. " Op 23 Oktober 1944 het die ministerie van buitelandse sake 'n persverklaring uitgereik waarin die erkenning van die PGFR deur die Amerikaanse regering aangekondig word, en dat Caffery die pos van die Amerikaanse ambassadeur in Frankryk sou aanvaar. Op dieselfde dag, in Parys, het Caffery en verteenwoordigers van die Britse, Sowjet- en Kanadese regering 'n beroep gedoen op die Franse minister van buitelandse sake, Georges Bidault. Hulle het hom briewe gegee wat diplomatieke erkenning van hul regerings uitgestrek het, en Bidault het dit beantwoord deur hulle as behoorlik geakkrediteerde ambassadeurs in Frankryk te erken.

Heropening van die Amerikaanse ambassade in Parys, 1944.

Na die bevryding van Parys aan die einde van die somer van 1944, is die Amerikaanse ambassade in Parys weer op 1 Desember 1944 vir die publiek oopgemaak. Jefferson Caffery is op 25 November 1944 as ambassadeur in Frankryk aangestel en was in beheer in afwagting van die voorlegging van sy geloofsbrief, wat op 30 Desember 1944 plaasgevind het.

Junie 1939 - Junie 1943

Die neoklassieke War Memorial Auditorium, wat in 1925 voltooi is, was miskien die elegantste uitvoeringsaal van Nashville. Gedurende sy tyd by die War Memorial, het die Opry toegang tot 25 sent per persoon gevra.

Onstuimige Opry -aanhangers het egter uiteindelik hul verwelkoming uitgedien en die Opry moes noodgedwonge 'n nuwe plek vind, maar die vertoning sou dekades later weer 'n kort tydjie terug wees. Toe die Grand Ole Opry -huis in Mei 2010 deur 'n vloed verwoes is, het War Memorial sy deure na die Opry heropen vir 'n tydperk terwyl herstelwerk gedoen is.

Wit -Rusland geskiedenis

Die geskiedenis van Wit -Rusland dateer uit die Steentydperk. Hierdie tydlyn van Wit -Rusland toon hoe Wit -Russiese historiese gebeure die land vandag gevorm het.

Wit-Rusland in die Steentydperk (100,000-3,000 vC)

Die eerste tekens van nedersettings in antieke Wit-Rusland dateer ongeveer 100,000-35,000 jaar terug.

Die belangrikste steentydperk -nedersettings is in die Gomel -streek ontdek. Terreine wat uit die paleolitiese tydperk in die dorpie Yurovichi (Kalinkovichi -gebied) ontdek is, het ongeveer 26 000 jaar gelede bestaan. Terreine wat in die dorp Berdysh (Tsjetsjersk-gebied) ontdek is, dateer uit 23,000-24,000 jaar. Ou kulturele oorblyfsels is ook in die streke Mogilev, Grodno en Minsk ontdek.

Wit-Rusland in die Bronstydperk (8de-6de eeu v.C.)

Artefakte wat uit die Bronstydperk dateer, is gevind in nedersettings regoor Wit -Rusland.

Wit-Rusland in die ystertydperk en Middeleeue (8/7de eeu vC-8ste eeu nC)

Aan die begin van die ystertydperk was daar drie belangrikste nedersettings in Wit -Rusland rondom die groot stroomgebiede van die Dneiper-, Dvina- en Pripyat -riviere.

Eerste state wat op Wit-Russiese grondgebied gevorm is (7de-13de eeu nC)

Wit -Rusland se kolonisering deur die Slawiërs het in die vroeë eeue nC begin. Gedurende die volgende paar eeue het hulle hulle oor die hele streek gevestig en die vroeëre Baltiese kultuur vervang.

In die 6de tot 9de eeu het Oos -Slawiërs die eerste politieke verenigings gevorm - die vakbonde van stamme.

Die 9de eeu gee ons die eerste verslag oor Polotsk en die Hertogdom Polotsk op die gebied van die moderne Vitebsk en die noordelike deel van die Minsk -streke. Dit het tot die 13de eeu die oorheersende krag in die streek gebly.

Die Groothertogdom Litaue, Rus en Samogotië (13de-16de eeu)

Die Groothertogdom Litaue, Rus en Samogotië was 'n magtige staat wat strek oor Wit -Rusland, Litaue, die gebiede Kiev, Tsjernigow en Volyn van die Oekraïne en Wes -Rusland, van die Baltiese See tot by die Swart See.

Die Groothertogdom het in die 13de eeu aan die bewind gekom onder die bewind van Mindovg (Mindaugas) en het eers na 'n aantal oorloë in die 16de eeu sy gesag begin verloor.

In 1569 onderteken die Groothertogdom en die Koninkryk Pole die Unie van Lublin: op gelyke voet verenig die Hertogdom en die Kroon in 'n federale staat - Rzecz Pospolita. Dit was die begin van 'n nuwe hoofstuk in die Wit -Russiese geskiedenis.

Rzecz Pospolita (1569-1795)

Dit was 'n besonder onstuimige tyd in die Wit -Russiese geskiedenis. Die staat is betrek in oorloë in Europa en met Rusland, insluitend:

Rzecz Pospolita het gelei tot lang oorloë wat die staat verswak het en sy onafhanklikheid verloor het. In 1772 is die westelike provinsies van Wit -Rusland by die Russiese Ryk geannekseer en in 1795 word Rcecz Pospolitsa verdeel tussen Rusland, Oostenryk en Pruise.

Die Russiese Ryk (1772-1917)

As gevolg van die verdeling van Rzecz Pospolita in drie dele, het Wit -Rusland deel geword van die Russiese Ryk. In hierdie nuwe gebiede het die Russiese regering 'n beleid van russifikasie begin volg.

1794 tot die Eerste Wêreldoorlog - 'n reeks konflikte, insluitend:

In die 1880's is die rewolusionêre organisasie Gomon deur Wit -Russiese studente in Sint Petersburg gestig. Dit was die voorloper van die eerste Wit -Russiese nasionale politieke party Gromada, wat in 1903 gestig is.

In 1906 begin die landbouhervorming van Stolypin. By die massale verplasing van die boerklasse (van 1906 - 1916) het meer as 33 000 van Wit -Russiese gebied na Siberië verhuis.

Eerste Wêreldoorlog (1914-1918)

1915 - 1916 - Wit -Russiese gebied was die toneel van bloedige gevegte tussen Duitse en Russiese magte.

3 Maart 1918-ondertekening van die Verdrag van Brest-Litovsk, wat Belarus se uittrede uit die Eerste Wêreldoorlog aandui. Die Wit -Russiese gebiede is tot 1918 deur Duitse magte beset.

Revolusie in Rusland (1917-1919)

Maart 1917 - Revolusie in Rusland het gelei tot die abdikasie van tsaar Nikolaas II.

November 1917 - Bolsjewiste neem die bewind in Rusland oor.

Maart 1918 - die Wit -Russiese Volksrepubliek verklaar onafhanklikheid. Dit duur tot die Duitse onttrekking later daardie jaar.

1 Januarie 1919 - stigting van die Wit -Russiese Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek.

Russies-Poolse oorlog (1919-1921)

1921 - die Vredesverdrag van Riga het gelei tot die verdeling van Wit -Rusland tussen die Wit -Russiese Sowjet -Sosialistiese Republiek en Pole.

1921-1941

1921-1928-Nuwe ekonomiese beleid (NEP) in Wit-Rusland ingestel.

1921-1930's-die Poolse deel van Wit-Rusland onderhewig aan polonisering.

1922 - Wit -Russiese SSR word deel van die Unie van die Sowjet -Sosialistiese Republieke (USSR).

1932-1933-hongersnood veroorsaak deur die Sowjet-ekonomiese beleid en die bekendstelling van kollektiewe boerdery (Kolkhoz).

1936-1940-die Groot Reiniging. Meer as 86 000 Wit -Russe het politieke onderdrukking gely en meer as 28 000 is ter dood veroordeel in die Kuropaty -kamp naby Minsk.

Wereld oorlog 2

17 September 1939 - twee weke na die uitbreek van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog, verhuis die Rooi Leër na Wes -Wit -Rusland.

Junie 1941 - die begin van die Groot Patriotiese Oorlog in Wit -Rusland.

Junie-Julie 1941-weerstand in Brest teen Duitse indringers het 6 weke geduur. Die stad is beset totdat die Sowjet -troepe dit in 1944 bevry het.

September 1941 - Wit -Rusland volledig beset deur die Duitse leër. Indringers begin met die vestiging van die sogenaamde 'nuwe orde' gebaseer op terreur.

Junie 1941 - Duitsers vestig die Minsk -getto en trek Wit -Russiese, Duitse en Tsjeggiese Jode in. Massa -teregstellings van gevangenes uit die Minsk -getto in Tuchinki het tot Oktober 1943 plaasgevind.

Einde 1941 - Die partydige beweging begin in Wit -Rusland en word voor 1944 die grootste beweging in Europa.

1943 - Duitse hoofkommissaris Kube word in Minsk vermoor.

Einde Junie - Julie 1944 - In Operasie Bagration is die Wit -Russiese SSR deur die Rooi Leër bevry van fascistiese indringers. Op 3 Julie word Minsk bevry.

Februarie 1945 - Jalta -konferensie verdryf Pole uit die westelike deel van Wit -Rusland. Die streek is amptelik erken as deel van die Wit -Russiese Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek.

1945 - 1994

Mei 1945 - Die Groot Patriotiese Oorlog van die Sowjet -volk teen fascistiese aanvallers het geëindig.

1945 - Wit -Rusland word lid van die Organization of the Incorporated Nations (United Nations)

1954 - Wit -Rusland betree die Verenigde Nasies se Opvoedkundige, Wetenskaplike en Kulturele Organisasie (UNESCO)

April 1986 - Tsjernobil -kernreaktorramp besoedel groot dele van Wit -Russiese gebiede.

27 Julie 1990 - Die Hoogste Raad van die Wit -Russiese SSR aanvaar die staatsoewereiniteit van die Wit -Russiese Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek.

25 Augustus 1991 - Die staatsoewereiniteitsverklaring van die Wit -Russiese Sowjet -Sosialistiese Republiek kry die status van konstitusionele reg. Die stap verklaar feitlik die onafhanklikheid van die Wit -Russiese SSR.

19 September 1991 - Die naam van die staat is aangeneem - die Republiek van Wit -Rusland.

8 Desember 1991 - Die ontbinding van die Sowjetunie is amptelik aangekondig tydens 'n vergadering van die staatshoofde van Rusland, Oekraïne en Wit -Rusland in Viskuli, Brest Oblast.

15 Maart 1994 - Die nuwe Grondwet van Wit -Rusland is deur die Hoogste Raad van die Republiek van Wit -Rusland aangeneem, met die voorsitterskap ingestel.

1994 - Die eerste presidentsverkiesing in die onafhanklike republiek is gehou. Aleksandr Lukashenko het die eerste president van die Republiek van Wit -Rusland geword. Die staatshoof is op 20 Junie 1994 ingehuldig.

14 Mei 1995 - Parlementêre verkiesings en die eerste referendum in die geskiedenis van onafhanklike Wit -Rusland is gehou. Die referendum het gesorg dat die Russiese taal 'n gelyke status met die Wit -Russiese taal verleen, die oprigting van 'n nuwe nasionale vlag en 'n nuwe nasionale embleem van die Republiek Wit -Rusland, ekonomiese integrasie met die Russiese Federasie.

7 Junie 1995 - 'n Besluit van die president van Wit -Rusland het die nuwe staatsembleem en staatsvlag van die Republiek Wit -Rusland goedgekeur.

2 April 1996 - Presidente van Wit -Rusland en Rusland Aleksandr Lukashenko en Boris Jeltsin onderteken die verdrag oor die oprigting van die gemeenskap van Wit -Rusland en Rusland, en op 2 April 1997 word die verdrag oor die Unie van Wit -Rusland en die Russiese Federasie onderteken. Hierdie datum word gevier as die dag van eenheid van die mense van Wit -Rusland en Rusland.

19-20 Oktober 1996-die 1ste Wit-Wit-Russiese Volkskongres is gehou. Dit het daarna 'n sterk sosiale instelling geword. Die verteenwoordigers van regoor die land het vergader om die belangrikste neigings van sosiale en ekonomiese ontwikkeling in die land te bespreek.

24 November 1996 - 'n Referendum is gehou. Wysigings en byvoegings is aangebring in die Grondwet van die Republiek van Wit -Rusland om 'n tweekamerparlement op te stel om die magte van die president uit te brei. Die Onafhanklikheidsdag is verskuif na 3 Julie - die dag van Wit -Rusland se bevryding van die Nazi -indringers tydens die Groot Patriotiese Oorlog.

8 Desember 1999 - die verdrag om die Uniestaat Wit -Rusland en Rusland tot stand te bring, is onderteken, 'n aksieprogram vir die implementering van die ooreenkoms aangeneem.

10 Oktober 2000 - Wit -Rusland, Kazakstan, Kirgistan, Rusland en Tadzjikistan onderteken die verdrag oor die oprigting van die Eurasiese Ekonomiese Gemeenskap (EurAsEC).

27 November 2009 - Die staatshoofde van Wit -Rusland, Kazakstan en Rusland het vanaf 1 Januarie 2010 dokumente onderteken om die Doeane -unie te stig.

18 November 2011 - Die verklaring oor die Eurasiese ekonomiese integrasie is aanvaar. Die verdrag wat Wit -Rusland, Rusland en Kazakstan onderteken het om die enkele ekonomiese ruimte op te rig, het op 1 Januarie 2012 in werking getree.

22 Julie 2012 - die Wit -Russiese satelliet (BKA) wat ontwerp is om die aarde op afstand te kan waarneem, is vanaf die Baikonur -ruimte -lanseerplek in die buitenste ruimte gelanseer.

29 Mei 2014 - Die verdrag van die Eurasiese Ekonomiese Unie (EEU) is onderteken deur die president van Wit -Rusland, Aleksandr Lukashenko, die president van Rusland, Vladimir Poetin, en die president van Kazakstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, in Astana. Die dokument het op 1 Januarie 2015 in werking getree.

1 Junie 1943 - Geskiedenis

1ste Radiobataljon, FMF (Historic Military Lineage) Verwysingsbronne

Luitenant -kolonel Palmer "Pete" Brown (USMC afgetree)
Kolonel James L. McIntire jr. (USMC afgetree)
Kolonel James R. Quisenberry (USMC afgetree)
Kolonel John K. Hyatt, Jr. (USMC afgetree)
MGySgt. Bernard A. Shorkey (USMC afgetree)
Regter John H. Maynard (Tweede Wêreldoorlog)
Luitenant -kolonel James S. Rayburn (USMC afgetree)
Kolonel Carl W. Kachaukas (USMC afgetree)
Vietnam War Dictionary deur James Olson
Die Slag van Okinawa deur Masahide Ota
Historical Encyclopedia of the United States Marine Corps deur Harry A. Gailey
Marine Corps Book of Lists deur Albert A. Nofi
Mariene! The Life of Chesty Puller deur Burke Davis
MCCA News Letters (Issues Fall 1990 Vol. 1 No. 1 Winter 1990-91 Vol. 1 No. 2)
The United States Marine Corps Radio Intelligence Platoons of World War II deur kolonel James L. McIntire, Jr. (ongepubliseer)
Radio Intelligence Platoon -boekie deur regter John Maynard (ongepubliseer)

2de Radio Intelligence Platoon - 14 Junie 1943

Die 2de Radio Intelligence Platoon is op 14 Junie 1943 geaktiveer in Camp Linda Vista, Camp Elliott, Kalifornië, 'n paar kilometer noord van MCRD, San Diego, Kalifornië. Die eenheidsbevelvoerders was soos volg:

1st Lt. Marcus J. Couts 09112/0200 USMC 14 Junie 1943 - 5 Mei 1944
2de Lt. Walter C. Smith 010462/0225 USMC 6 Mei 1944 - 27 Januarie 1945
2de Lt. Jack Evans 043139/0225 USMC 28 Februarie 1945 - 8 Maart 1945
Kapt Marcus J. Couts 09112/0225 USMC 28 Mei 1945 - 28 September 1945

Amerikaanse veldtogstreamer

1. Verdediging van Guadalcanal
2. Konsolidasie van Salomonseilande
3. Wester Carolines Operasie

1. 1 Desember 1943 tot September 1944 (terwyl dit toegewys is aan die Seinbataljon, III Marine Amphibious Corps)
2. 14 Junie 1943 tot 2 September 1945 (as komponent van Naval Communications Intelligence Organization)

Die Tweede Wêreldoorlog gewond en vermoor in aksie
(20-23 September 1944 Peleliu-eiland, Palau-groep, Carolina-eilande)

Naam (MOS)
Keith K .. Bean (776 hoëspoed -onderskepoperateur)
Carter D. Bucy (405 Administrasie)
Edward W. Clark (641 telefoniste)
Glenn C. Erwin (641 Telefoonman)
Julius f. Harder (739 hoëspoedoperateur)
John H. Maynard (766 hoëspoedradiooperateur)
H. Riffle (onbekend)
In aksie vermoor
Tweede Wêreldoorlog Soek Naam Diensnommer (MOS) DOD
PFC. William J. Hughes jr. 00500585 (onbekend) 23 September 1944
Kpl. Josephe A. Prete 00440073 (739 Intercept Operator) 20 September 1944
Kpl. Stephen J. Weber 00454532 (onbekend) 20 September 1944

Aktivering/deaktivering
14 Junie 1943 Geaktiveer en aangewys as 2de Radio Intelligence Platoon.

Desember 1943 verhuis na Pacific Theatre.

Januarie 1944 Neem deel aan die Salomonseilande (Guadalcanal.)

31 Julie 1944 Heropgedra na die 1ste Mariene Afdeling, FMF.

Augustus 1944 Verhuis na die Carolina -eilande.

September 1944 deelgeneem aan die Slag van Peleliu Island -

Tydens die Slag van Peleliu Island, die 1ste Mariene Afdeling, het FMF meer as vyftig persent van hul infanteriekrag verloor en die 2de RI -peloton het ook 'n swaar treffer gekry met drie mariniers wat gedood en agt gewond is. Volgens daardie tyd sterf kommunikeerders van kolonel Chesty Puller dapper toe hulle hul aanval teen 'n versterkte Japannese mag aanval. Sy eenheid verloor ongeveer 76 persent in vergelyking met 50 plus persent in die ander twee aanvallende Infanterieregimente.

Regter John Maynard het my meegedeel dat die mariniers van sy eenheid terselfdertyd gewond is. Hulle is aangestel om te help met die aflaai van toerusting en voorrade naby die strand. Sulke werkgroepe is normaal wanneer dinge warm en swaar word en as mariniers in groot getalle sterf, vind selfs veral opgeleide mariniers dat hulle ook gewere is. Toe sê kolonel Chesty Puller dat daar geen kokke of bakkers was tydens die Slag van Peleliu nie, net mariene gewere.

Ek het op twee verskillende dokumente opgemerk dat ek besig was om te kyk dat die datum vir die gewonde mariniers 20 September was, terwyl die datum vir die wat in aksie gedood is, 22 September was. Aangesien regter Maynard een van hulle was, het ek 'n verduideliking gevra oor wat gebeur het, en hy het dit in werklikheid duidelik gemaak. Dit blyk dat hulle almal gelyktydig raakgery is en twee van hulle is op daardie stadium dood, maar een van die gewondes is 'n paar dae later aan boord van die hospitaalskip dood. Sommige het gesê dat al die KIA's op dieselfde datum, wat 22 September 1944 was, vermoor is. Maynard het verder gesê dat die gewondes, insluitend homself, na die Soloman -eilande teruggeneem is en op die eiland Pavuvu teruggekry het. was in die Russell Island Group ongeveer vyftig kilometer noord van Guadalcanal.

2de Radio Afsonderlike Intelligensiepeloton 20 Oktober 1944

20 Oktober 1944 Herontwerpte 2de aparte radio -intelligensie -peloton.

November 1944 verhuis terug na Pearl Harbor, Hawaii -gebied.

8 Maart 1945 Gedeaktiveer terwyl hy nog in Hawaii was.

24 Mei 1945 Heraktiveer in Wahiawa, Hawaii.

28 September 1945 Gedeaktiveer in Hawaii -gebied -

Die personeel is toegewys aan ander radio -onderskeppingsplatoons, wat in Naval Radio Stations in Guam en in China geleë was. Hulle het daar gebly tydens 'n deel van die vroeë China -besetting, en die meeste van hulle het einde Januarie en Februarie 1946 na die Verenigde State teruggekeer.

1st Radio Company - 15 September 1958

15 September 1958 Heraktiveer te Camp Smith, Hawaii, as die eerste radiomaatskappy.

Junie 1959 Verhuis van Camp Smith na Kaneohe Bay, Marine Corps Air Station.

1st Composite Radio Company - 8 September 1959

8 September 1959 heraangewys as die eerste saamgestelde radiomaatskappy.

2 Januarie 1962 Ontplooi in Pleiku, Suid -Viëtnam as Detachment One onder bevel van destydse kaptein John K. Hyatt, Jr.

Majoor Richard J Smith hervat die bevel van 1st Composite Radio Company van 2 Junie 1959 tot 14 Julie 1964

17 September 1963 Herontwerp as 1st Radio Company, Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii.

1ste radiobataljon - 14 Julie 1964

14 Julie 1964 heraangewys as 1ste radiobataljon, FMF te Kaneohe Bay onder bevel van destydse majoor Henry Vod der Heyde.

Februarie 1967 Ontplooi in Danang, Suid-Viëtnam as subeenheid een.

1 Maart 1969 Sub-eenheid een saamgesmelt tot 1ste radiobataljon, FMF, Camp Horn, Danang, Suid-Viëtnam

Oktober 1970 Elemente (subeenheid 2) het die Amerikaanse weermag-eenheid in Udorn, Thailand, gehelp. 'N Weermag se lof is goedgekeur.

April 1971 herontplooi na Marine Corps Station, Kaneohe, Hawaii.

April 1971 Sub-eenheid 2, 1ste radiobataljon gedeaktiveer en saamgesmelt tot 1ste radiobataljon, FMF, Kaneohe, Hawaii.

Majoor L. K. Russell was in bevel van sub-eenheid 2 en luitenant-kolonel Ed Resnick was die eerste radiobataljonbevelvoerder. Kort daarna, datum onbekend, neem luitenant -kolonel John K. Hyatt, Jr. die bevel oor.

April 1972 keer elemente terug na Suid -Viëtnam ter ondersteuning van die 9de Marine Amfibiese Brigade onder bevel van brigadier -generaal Miller in die buiteland, die Amerikaanse Blue Ridge en ander vlootskepe. Verskeie lede is gedurende hierdie tydperk die Combat Action Lint gemagtig.

April 1975 Elemente het deelgeneem aan ontruimings in Suidoos -Asië.

Mei 1975 Elemente het deelgeneem aan die herstel van die SS Mayaguaez.

Bykomende eenheidstoekennings en eerbewyse

Navy Unit lof - 31 Oktober 1968 tot 31 Julie 1969 ter ondersteuning van vyf -en -twintig groot gevegsoperasies in die Republiek Vietnam.

1. 1 Augustus 1969 - 9 Maart 1970 vir Combat Operations Pinestone Canyon, Iroquouis Grove, Arlington Canyon, Idaho Canyon, Georgia Tar, Fulton Square en Durham Peak ter ondersteuning van Vadnergrift Combat Base, Dong Ha Mountain en Dong Ha Combat Base, Con Theien, Hill 327, Hill 37, Hill 55, An Hoa en Danang.
2. 10 Maart 1970 tot 3 April 1971 vir Combat Operations Imperial lake, Pickens Forest, Catawaba Falls, Tulare Falls en Upshur Stream.

Vietnam Service Streamer met twee silwer sterre

National Defense Service Streamer - 1969 - 1970

Army Meritorious Unit Commendation Elemente van die eerste radiobataljon, FMF, dien by die 7de Radio Research Field Station, Udorn, Thailand (11 November 1970 - 26 Februarie 1971).

Aanbeveel van die Filippynse presidensiële eenheid
Elemente van die 1ste radiobataljon, FMF, dien saam met die 9de MAB gedurende 21 Julie 1972 - 15 Augustus 1972.

Die lede se eerste radiobataljon, FMF -afdeling wat van April 1972 tot in die herfs by die 9de MAB gedien het (datum nie bekend nie) voer hul plig uit op 'n manier wat pas by die erfenis wat hulle geërf het. Ek persoonlik het nooit saamgewerk met 'n meer toegewyde en professionele eenheid wat by hul aankoms 'n unieke poging aangewend het om waardevolle inligting te produseer aan die begin van hul implementering nie. Gedurende hierdie tydperk het hulle kritiese taktiese intelligensie verskaf ter ondersteuning van die 9de MAB, die vlootmagte en die Suid -Viëtnamese weermag gedurende 'n kritieke tydperk in die geskiedenis van hierdie oorlog. Hulle ondersteun die volgende gevegsoperasies gedurende hierdie tydperk:

Kaptein James Westley Ayers 2502, 26 Mei 1967
Kpl. Stephen Lee Traughber 2575, 10 September 1967
LCpl. Larry Allan Jones 2571, 24 April 1968
Sers. Paul Jay Kingery 2571, 13 Mei 1968
MGySgt. Edward Reynold Storm 2578, 28 Desember 1969
Sers. Larry Wade Duke 2571, 10 Maart 1970
Sers. Robert Hrisoulis 2571, 21 Januarie 1971

Lt.kolonel John K. Hyatt, jr., Is in die middel van 1973 onthef deur luitenant -kolonel Carl W. Kachaukas. Hulle het dus voortgegaan om hard te oefen en voort te gaan deur die toerusting en opleiding daarvan te moderniseer. En dus, van die nederige begin van 'n pelotongrootte tot 'n kompanie en daarna tot op bataljonvlak, het ons 'n unieke deel van die militêre geskiedenis gesien vorm. Ons nalatenskap is deur die pioniers van 'n ander dag aan ons oorgedra, en ons het dit ook oorgedra aan 'n nuwe generasie wat hierdie eenheid tot nog groter hoogtes sal neem.

Vandag kan ons dus trots wees daarop dat ander moeite gedoen het om uit te reik na al ons voormalige lede en om die verlede vir die toekoms terug te eis. Die 1ste radiobataljon internetwebwerf is soos geen ander nie en ons hoede is af en spesiale dank aan Rick Swan vir sy toewyding en versiendheid. Daarom, vir diegene wat ek ken en vir diegene wat ek net besig is om te onderneem, laat ons sy pogings ondersteun, want hy het 'n unieke manier bereik om ons bymekaar te trek as 'n gesamentlike bron van historiese inligting.

Lêer #244: & quotCornhusker CAP News Vol. 1, nr. 10 Junie, 1943.pdf & quot

Johnson word geëer
Deur Nebraska Wing
Die banket waarmee die Nebraska
vleuel vereer l^t. Kol. Earle L. Johnson,
n a t i o n a l c o m m a n d e r, i n O m a h a o n M a y 2 2
blyk die grootste gebeurtenis in die geskiedenis te wees
o t t h e N e b r a s k a C A P.

Die geleentheid is mede-geborg deur die Omaha
hoofstuk van die NAA, en spesiale gaste In
c l u d e d C o l. G e o r g e V. M i l l e t t. J r. »C o m
bevelvoerder van die 507ste valskermbedryf
regiment ai Alliance, Neb., en 'n telling van
valskermsoldate.

A b o u t 4 5 0 p e r s o n s a t t e n d e d t h e a ff a i r. Dit
was voorafgegaan ft & gty 'n parade en hersiening in
wat meer as 400 CAP -lede en kadette het

deelgeneem het, en waaraan die Omaha CAP
cadet band het sy eerste publiek verskyn
anse. Die beoordelingsstandaard was op die trappe
van die Scottish Rite -katedraal.

Sprekers by die ete was kabeljou.
Johnson, kolonel Mlllett en MaJ. Harry B.
S i d l e s, N e b r a s k a w i n g c o n M n a n d e r. C a p t.
R u d y M u e l l e r, w i n g s u p p l y o f fic e r w a s
seremoniemeester.

Die valskermsoldate en mans was in
gelewer, Een van hulle, Cpl. Wolfgang
Sk> arz, Duitse vlugteling en voorheen 'n
Europese konsertpianis, speel twee klavier
getalle.

Hierdie gaste het die standpunt nagegaan terwyl die Omaha-eenhede van die GLB geparadeer is

for the national commander May 22. In the front row, left to right, are Brig. Genl.

Guy N. Uennioger, Lt. Col. Eerie L. Johnson, Lt. CoU T. J. Grayson, Lt* Col* Oscar*

lorker and Maj* Harry B. Sidles. Boar row—C. H. Bay, Col. Leo J. Crosby, Lt. CoL W.
F. Bniett, Maj. Beed Davis, CoL George T. Mlllett, and Capt Gould Dietz.

Guests at the speakers' table included:
B r i g . G e n . a n d M r s . G u y N . H e n n l n g e r,
Lt Cod. and Mrs. T. J. Grayson, Lt Col. and
M r s . O s c a r Yo r k e r, a l l o f L i n c o l n L t . C o l ,
and Mrs. William Bruett, Maj. and Mrs.
R e e d D a v i s , M r s . S i d l e s , M r s , M u e l l e r,
Commissioner and Mrs. Harry Knudsen,

Capt and Mrs. Gould Dietz and C. H. Day.
Out state delegations attended from Fre
m o n t , B l a i r, W a h o o , G r a n d I s l a n d , C r e t e ,
L i n c o l n , L e x i n g t o n a n d Wa h o o ,
OESONUIO AND MASTEB
VOICE THANKS TO CAP

In appreciation of CAP hospitality, Geronimo, the paratrooper dog of the 507th

Parachute Infantry regiment, has sent the
wing his autograph, and Oeronimo's master.
Pvt. Kenneth Williams, has sent a letter of
dankie.

S O M E I N F O R M AT I O N
O N F L I G H T C E R T I F I C AT E S

New CAP enlistment blanks (CAP Form

GM-83A gives us further information on

12-0) have been distributed to the Squad
ron commanders. Now the enlistment pro
cedure prescribed in CAP Rules. Part 1.

"CAP Certificates of Essentiality for Flight

will become effective.
The new form is to be made out on the

typewriter in duplicate. This will save
much clerical time previously spent in
copying data onto the old service record

forms which will no longer be issued. Plaaslik
unit commanders will endorse both copies

and send them to Wing Headquarters.
After a provisional member completes the

are not eligible to apply for further flight
training under the C. A. A. regulations may
apply through CAP channels. Diegene wat

cannot tjufllify through CAA may secure
permissipn to build up flight experience for
CAP mlsaionB by applying through CAP

channels If they are not soon subject to

draft, if they. can qualify for CAP flight
duty within, six months, and if they can
spend a minimum ' of two months a year

prescribed 25 hours of training (temporar

(either oij one tour of duty or by iDtermjt-

i l y o m i t t i n g t h e c o u r s e o n A r t i c l e s o f Wa r
to be covered in a training manual which
will be mailed with the third installment of

tent servico) ou ('AP active-duty missions
and cay leave their normal employment for

such duty. Workers frozen in war jobs will
not he GliRlblo,

CORNHUSKER CAP NEWS
Published each month by .the Nebraska Wing:
Headquarters of the Civil Air P^rol. Omces
at S02 South Nineteenth Street, Omaha. Neb.

press a growing belief tliat the Germans
may attempt some '^funny business" with
their 11,000-mile planes. For example, what

GERONIMO AND MASTER
(Continued frmn Paee4.)

if they should send a couple of long-r^e

Extra copies may be obtained by writing
to Wing Headquarters. Five cents each.

with instructiims then to attempt to seize an

Wing Staff
Commanding^ Officer JIarry B. Sidles

airport and refuel 'before starting back
huis. What protection does your airport

Executive Officer -M. JL Meyers

have against such an attempt?

Adjutant JDorothy G. Orr
Operations Officer . Tic M. Scliroeder
TiaiMng Officer G. Crawford Follmer

InteiUgenee Officer . Xavnrence Yonngman

Supply Officer Budy Hueller
Transportation Officer Earle C. Reynolds
Communications Officer Harry" Uurlte

En^neering Officer . >ViUiam A. Fraser, Jr.
Liaison
Redakteur

Assistent. Editor Irring Greene
Flioto Editor Bobert C. Fisk
The CAP NEWS is printed, by the Citizen

Printing Co., 2308-10 N Street^ Omaba, Nebr.

bombers to do whatever damage they could,

PUTS IN AN APPEARANCE
Our tireless Wing Operations Officer, Vic

Schroeder, 1^ started another i»«tject We

Opdragte
signments of paramount importance:

And here's Williams* aceobiponying'letter
Gentlemen:

have just received the first issue of "The

those responsible tor' idle si^dld hospital

Courier PiUot," a publication designed to ref

ity shown the fellows and ii^elf while we

late intereatlng experiences of Courier .Pi

were yottr guests in Onttha/ l^y 23rd: The

lots. As Capt. Sdiro^det says: "CaI? Cour^

reottarlu of lejatitude ^e jumpers

ier service takes light aircraft into a new
fi e l d o f a c t i v i t y. I t i s h i s t o r y i n t h e m a k

ing for light airplanes thd Vear and tear
of ..dally flints regardless of weather brin^
about new problems,, and experience alone

will solve them. The pun^ose of thisi bul•letin is to gather the various experiences' in.

All CAP units in Nebraska have three as

written form and benefit others in Courier

S e r v i c e i m m e d i a t e l y. & quot

kliënt
en
ooit
forget
Waar

k^wB reason (if^m not qpQi^Bg tpf my^
self, in this , case) but the'.gettuine fri^U-

ness and tvA ^ihiii^lap^aefaM^ed^ |ia
pensated

Qeroninto Was geiij« ^ ta.« few
days ago. ^nt the strep l^ecti^ thdt we

First, develop strong cadet units.
Second, to offer an opportunity for in
fantry dfili practice to all men who are

Outlined below are the, general ordera

believed car^ has. to the-sttrfai^

covering .interior guard duty. Esuihmend-

again and under dally-matm^t froif'

about to be inducted into military service.

ber should inemorize them.

the vetBrinarian with legs .that are badly,

Third, make whatever plans and prepara
tions are necessary for the security of your
local airport

I.. To take charge, of this post aiid jbXI .
G o v e r n m e n t p r o p e r t y i n v i e w.

Wlii'le in Nelirasica recently. Nasionaal
Commander Johnson stressed the import
ance of those first two assignments. Hy

said that Gen. H. H, Arnold, chief of the

air force, considers the cadet training pro
gram of greatest importance, and urged
that the program be pursued with great
zeal. We have not made .a real good job of
the cadet program in Nebraska, In fact
s o m e u n i t s h a v e s i d e - s t e p p e d i t e n t i r e l y,
feeling perhaps, that it was too much work.
But we can no longer do this. Any unit
that will get a cadet program in motion is
apt to find very soon that in this field the
greatest dividends and satisfactions are to
be found.

In the matter of training men soon to be
inducted, it is not at all necessary that
these men join the CAP, Col, Johnson sug
gested that the CAP contact the selective

2. To walk my post in a military d^ner, keeping always • cm the alert -and ob
serving everything that takes plaibe within

sight or h^ing.
3. To report all violations of orders I. am
instructed' to enforce.
4. To r e p e a t a l l c a l l s f r o m p o s t s . m o r e

distant from the guardhouse than my own.
5. To quit my post only when properly
relieved.
6. To r e c e i v e , O b e y, a n d p a s s o n t o t h e
sentinel who relieves me all orders from

the commanding officer, officer of the day,
officers and non-commissioned officers of
t h e g u a r d o n l y.
7. To t a l k t o n o o n e e x c e p t i n l i n e o f
d u t y.
8. To g i v e t h e a l a r m i n c a s e o f fi r e o r
wanorde.

9. To c a l l t h e c o r p o r a l o f t h e g u a r d i n
any case not covered by instructions.
1 0 . To s a l u t e a i l o f fi c e r s a n d a l l c o l o r s

service boards to learn the names of the men
who are soon to be drafted, then invite the
men to attend drill classes and get prelim

inary training that will help them advance
more quickly when they do go to the aimy.
There have been many reports of CAP mem

ed officers. And the army is grateful for

the fact that men have received pre-inductlon training.

As for airport security, military men ex

not stop , this time -until I m posHive that

the^ will be no renoipeaxTmce.
1& .closing may I ag^ thank, you for all
of ua very sihcereiy li»r a w^k-end we will
.never foi^t You know t never will-^e's
a wondOrful wife. . ,

Yours very truly, '
KENNETH C. Wil-LIAMS.

Bditor's Note: Williams was married"
while in Omaha.

F I'R.S(T r oS QS qAa dR O N B Cl lHtAnN G E S
F m U u D r e i r. .
u e i ) . .
R. J. Cunniiigptismi Is transferred
from Flight -M^o. 1 to Flight No. 2,. en. Ken
Ewing from No. 2 to No: Iv in the communicati<ms section. Lt Angelo Bonacci has
•been made leader of Flight No. 3.
First Sgt Roy Highfill has been promoted
to the squadron staff as liaison officer for

CAPC, and ^aj^ Harry B, Sidles issued him
a temporary commission as second lieuten^ant, pending offlclad confirmation fr<»n na

II. To be espociaily watchful at niglit,

t i o n a l h e a d q u a r t e r s . S g t . P. K . P a t r i c k h a s

and, during the time for, challenging, to
challenge all perscms on or near my post

t)een appointed first-sergeant of the squadr
ron. Sers. Robert Fisk has been tr^ferred

and to allow no one to pass without proper

to headquarters c<»npahy^ and will continue,

in charge of the photographic section.

bers who. tlianks to this preliminary train
ing, have quickly become non-coommission-

swollen. We brieve tiiat ■fi(:2ia9'win been
checked in time but m^ics^ .attention .will

Sers. Cecil Henkels has been transferred
Looking over the news bulletins from

different wing&, we see that the CAP Squad

from fliglit sergeant of fli^t No. 1 to the

airport. The field will be known as Brown

same post in ]^ight No. 3. K. Booker has
been promoted to flight-sej^eaaC of Flight
No. 1 D. C. Bradford has been appointed

Deer CAP Airport, Inc,, Brown Deer, Wis.

leader of the guard section for'Flight No. 1.

rons in Milwaukee area now have their own

Here is the Dp>ai)d«at>tbem sqaadron o! the Glenn Ii« Hartin-^ebraska company, pictured dnring Friday afternoon drill at
Dewey park.

As the CAP paraded for the national commander, It. CoL Earle L. Johnson, in Omaha Hay 22. About one>third of the pro«
ce«slon is shown here. In the rear is the wing executive officer, Capt. M. >1* Heyers, followed by the wing staff, the color guard,
and Omaha sqnadron Ko. 1.
N E W A P P L I C AT I O N S

ested in buying one of these albums for

Squadron use should send their order to

CAP Rules) the local unit commander will

Wing Headquarters. Special discount of
40% is offered through the squadron sup
ply offices.

A C T I V E - D U T Y A P P L I C AT I O N S

W A N T E D AT H E A D Q U A R T E R S
Thousands

are now serving with the armed forces or
i n w a r In d u s tr i e s , w i th th e r e s u l t th a t m a n y
members who filed applications for active-

advise Wing Headquarters and the mem

ber'^ identification card will be sent through
channels. In the case of an applicant

whose previous experience covers the re

»CAN BE KO QUESTION OF CAP

duty assignment (CCD Form No. 624—^Re
vised July, 1942) are no longer available for
such asatgnment and the central files for
these applications are of little value. Daar

quired subjects, the unit commander may en
dorse to this effect over the space where he

m P O E TA N C E ' — G E N . H E N N I K G E B
The views of Brig. Gen. Guy N. Hennin-

signs the application and the card will be

g e r, N e b r a s k a d i r e c t o r o f s e l e c t i v e s e r v i c e ,

forwarded as soon as investigation is com

on the Ciyil Air Patrol are expressed in a

f o r e , a n d e ff e c t i v e i m m e d i a t e l y, a l l C i v i l A i r

Patrol member^ who wish to volunteer for

active duty will submit promptly applica
tions for active-duty assignment regardless
of whether they have previously nsade application.
On the back of each such form will be

typed (a) age, (b) selective service status,
and (c) marital status.
Activerduty applications will be executed,
in duplicate and forwarded through local
unit headquarters to Wing Headquarters,
which headquarters will retain the carbon

copy and forward the original to National
Headquarters (GM-S6 dated June 5, 1943),.
These directions do not apply to courier
applications.

We have had several requests, recently
ior information concerning requirements
for coastal patrol duty. Contact your squad- •

ron commander for necessary qualifications
and other pertinent information on active'

d u t y m i s s i o n s . T h e r e a r e a s s i g n m e n t s f o r.
pilots, pilot-observers, radio operators, • me

letter which he sent to MaJ. Harry B. Sidles
following the CAP dinner May 22.

TRANSCRIBED CODE
L E S S O N S AVA I L A B L E

Wp have secured a few seta of records
which embody the most modern and scien
tific approach to the problem of sending and

appreciation for the courtesies extended
Mrs. Henninger and I on the occasion of

receiving messages in International Morse
Code. John H. Cose, Director of Instruc
tion as: RCA Institutes, made these records
: and- prepared a booklet which accompanies
the album. Mr. Cose has used the same sys
tem employed at RCA Institutes for instruc
ting both members of the armed forces and
civilians in the use of International Morse
Code. •

The course is made up of six ten-inch
green label Victor lessons, housed In an at
tractive album. List price of the album
is ?6.5(J.
Since this is one of our prescribed di

rectives^ and there are so many members in
terested in this training, we feel that the

1 hasten to thank you and to express my

the CAP banquet and other festivities in
Omaha Saturday evening. Both of us en
joyed ourselves every minute of the time
and 1 only hope I shall have an opportunity
to reciprocate the favors and courtesies.
I want to congratulate you on the out
standing organization you have gotten to
g e t h e r. I t j u s t s t r i k e s m e t h a t y o u r s i s o n e
civilian organization which displays an out
standing degree of interest and there can
be no question about its importance in the
oorlog

With kind personal regards and best
wishes, I am.
Die uwe,

records are a valuable addition to the ma

chanics, radio mechanics, clerk-typists,
servicemen, and guards.

the Civii Air Patrol. Any Squadrons, inter

terial outlined in the training directives of

Page 4
C A P C A D E T S H AV E
INTENSIVE TRAINING PROGRAM
The CAP Cadet Squadron No. 1, sponsor

ed by Omaha CAP Squadron 1, now has a
well developed training program in fuH
swing. The Cadeis are given Ibe same train
ing as the regular senior Civil Air Patrol
lede

Special emphasis is placed on pre-fiigbt
studies such as air navigation, meteorology,
scr>'ice of aircraft and civil air regulations.

Johnson Sees Big
Courier Expansion

June, 1943
T H R E E S TA F F O F F I C E R S

I N N AVA L R E S E R V r

A prediction that the CAP courier serv
ice, in which the Nebraska wing plays an
important role, will grow tremendously
during the coming months was made by Lt.
Col. Earle L. Johnson, national commander
of the CAP, In Omaha, May 22.

These subjects are supplemented with mili
tary training in infantry drill» leadership
and command, duties of command and staff
officers, military correspondence, etc.

"At present 21,000 miles of courier flights
a r e s c h e d u l e d d a i l y, " t h e c o l o n e l s a i d .
"Eventually the courier planes probably
will be flying nearly 150,000 miles per day

Cadet classes on various directives are

now being held on five nights out of the
week and officers of the CAP are invited to

visit any of them at any time. Instructors
are all well qualified and the classes are
making splendid progress. Commutiicalions
class meets Monday evenings at the Elec
tronic-Radio Institute with Matt Frampton,
i n s t r u c t o r. F i r s t A i d c l a s s m e e t s T u e s d a y
evenings at the Jewish Community Center

with Red Cross Instructpr Joe Fisk, gen
eral

meets Wednesday evenings at the Paxton
H o t e l w i t h S g t K . R . B u c h e r a s i n s t r u c o r,
Air Navigation class is taught by Lt. Stan
ley Marsh at the Mutual Benefit & Health

Ins. Bldg., on Thursday nights and Photog
raphy class meets at the Paxton Hotel with

Harold L. Gasklll, also on Thursday nights.
The regular weekly meetings are held on
Friday evenings at the same time and place
as the senior Civil Air Patrol sponsoring
squadron, at which time military directives
are taught

The Cadets are starting a program of ex
pansion with a goal of ISO membership by
the end of June. Any CAP member who
knows of a boy who can pass the following
qualifications would do that boy . a favor if
h e i n t e r e s t e d h i m i n t h e C A P C a d e i s . Aan

qualify for membership a boy must be either

a junior or senior in high school, have a
strong desire to learn about modern avia

tion, be physically fit, have parents who are
U. S. citizens and be able to furnish at least

three character references. Cadet applica
tion blanks can be secured from Cadet Sgt,
Roland Reifschnelder, adjutant, at any Fri
day night meeting. Since it is planned to
have the Cadets meet at the same place as
the Civil Air Patrol, it is suggested that
Cap members invite likely Cadet candidates
to attend meetings with them. Ook. Cadets
with six monhs or more service can now
sponsor new Cadets. U is hoped that this

The Civil Air Patrol represents civilian
aviation as It exists today, he observed, and
he feels that the CAP status Is greatly
strengthened since the organization has been
juaae an air corps auxiliary.
"Ours Is truly a group of volunteer sold
i e r s , " h e s a i d . " A n d t h e a r m y, n a v y a n d
marines have been greatly Impressed by
their sincerity and willingness to sacrifice.

TEXAS WING PLANNING
AIRPORT NEAR DALLAS
Te x a s i s a b o u t t o j o i n t h e l i s t o f W i n g s

"Our pilots in the submarine patrc^ fly

project will be called "Byrd Field," in honor
of their wing commander, and will be locat

87,000 miles per day in single-engined
p l a n e s , o v e r t h e w a t e r . To d a t e 4 0 m e n
have gone down at sea and 24 of these lost
their lives. They are credited with sinking
some submarines single-handed, with call

ed about 7 miles southeast of Dallas.

AT T E N T I O N O U T- S TAT E R S

ing army and navy planes to 174 others,
with saving 67 ships by causing submarines

If this issue of the NKWS. seems to be
an all Omaha edition, please take note

to dive, and with saving 300 tives. Seventy
CAP planes have been lost at sea.

As important as any assignment that the
CAP has ever been given, said Col. Johnson,
is that of developing cadet units and train

from the Squadrons out in the State.
This publication Is for your interest and
the folks on this end of the line would

like to hear atout you for a change.

ing those cadets. This can not be stressed
too much, he said, and army air corps offi
cials are very anxious to have the CAP
realize the importance of the assignment
Col. Johnson also suggested that the
CAP can help by giving military drill in
struction to men who are soon to be draft

red. It's not necessary that the soon-to-beinductees join the organization, he said,
The CAP can contact the local draft hoards
for the names of men whose numbers soon

are to be calied, and then invite those men
to participate in a special drill program.

Further CAP Rules Announced
The second instalment of the revised
CAP rules have just been released by the
n a t i o n a l c o m m a n d e r. C o l . E a r l e L . J o h n s o n .
It includes organization charts, sets up the
procedure for accepting and accrediting new

members, outlines additional military train
ing courses, and includes CAPC rules.

I N A P P R E C I AT I O N
This issue of The News was made

A member of the North Platte squadron,
Albert Saburo Kushlhashi, who lives near
H e r s h e y, o f f e r e d h i s s q u a d r o n t h e u s e o f
land sufficient to grow enough potatoes to
pay for a plane, according to a report to

headquarters. The catch was that the squad
ron members would actually have to raise
the potatoes, so—.

The Missouri wing ot the CAP held state

i n g O f fi c e r, a n d E n s i g n To m E p s e n , O p e r a
t i o n s O f fi c e r, a r e a w a i t i n g t i i e i r o r d e r s .

having their own CAP airports. This new

wide maneuvers at Mexico during the week

D . P r a s e r, S u p p l y O f fi c e r, w i l l r e p o r t s o o n
f o r a c t i v e d u t y. L t ( j . g . ) D d Vo l t z , Tr a i n

"The organization now numbers 77,MO
and is growing at the rate of 100 per day.

Cadet squadron will be the fiuest In this
pari Of the country.

T h r e e S t a ff m e m b e r s o f O m a h a S q u a d r o n
No. 1 have been comiaissioned in the Unltr
ed States Naval Reserve. Lt. (j. g.) George

of May 30. National Commander Johnson
was present for part of the demonstrations.

possible through the sponsorship of
die volgende:
PAT R I C K D R A P E J RY C O .
2037 Farnam Street.
RELIANCE FINANCE
4719 So. 24th St.

ALLIS CHALMERS MFG, CO.
Omaha Branch.

RITSSELL SPORTING GOODS CO.
1816 Farnam St
OMAHA BEDDING CO.
101 So, 10th St.

Loose Lips Do Sink Ships

Andrew Jackson May was a Democratic Congressman for landlocked Kentucky in the United States. He represented his district from 1931 to 1947 and ended up during the war becoming Chairman of the powerful Committee on Military Affairs (1939 to 1947).

May had not entered politics fully until into his mid-50s. He’d had a successful career in law before that, where he had been a practicing lawyer and, later, a circuit judge.

By 1943, the American submarine fleet had transformed itself from a mostly ineffective force that employed poor strategy, inferior tactics, and was hampered by faulty torpedoes into a deadly fighting force equipped with more modern and effective weapons and submarines.

Andrew J. May

This meant the US submarine fleet started to have a real impact on the Japanese war machine.

In June 1943, Congressman May was returning from a tour of some American bases in the Pacific. At a press conference, he made the foolish revelation of how American submarines had so successfully evaded Japanese attacks.

He went onto reveal that American submarines could dive much deeper than the Japanese had realized. So the Japanese had been setting their depth charges at far too shallow a depth.

Kentucky Representative Andrew J. May (left) and Texas Representative Maury Maverick (right)

It was a foolish thing for Congressman May to say, made even more incredible by the fact that his position as Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs meant he was privy to a lot of classified information. You would have thought he would have known better.

But the damage was already done, as some equally irresponsible newspapers carried the story the very next day. Of course, in no time at all, the Japanese reacted by setting their depth charges to explode that much deeper.

Solons inspect new Army Bomber. Washington, D.C. March 10. Members of the House Military Affairs Committee with U.S. Chief of staff General Mailin Craig inspecting the new 4-Engine Boeing Bomber which arrived at Bolling Field today. This ship is first of 13 which will be delivered to the Army Air Corps in the newer future. In the photograph, left to right, can’t be seen: Rep. Andrew Edmiston, West Virginia Rep. Charles I. Faddis, Pa. Capt. C.E. O’Connor, pilot of the ship Rep. Andrew J. May, Kentucky Maj. Gen. Malin H. Craig

It is said the Navy estimated that they lost ten submarines and 800 crewmen because of this. If this is true, it would mean that Congressman May inadvertently caused 1 in 5 of all US submarine casualties for the whole of World War Two.

Later, US Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, commander of the US submarine fleet in the Pacific, said with much sarcasm, “I hear Congressman May said the [Japanese] depth charges are not set deep enough. He would be pleased to know that the [Japanese] set them deeper now.”

Charles A. Lockwood

But this seems to be contradicted by a US Navy assessment report after the war. This document stated that the Japanese forces failed to uncover the true maximum depth capability of American submarines during the war.

Could it be that some of the later casualties were due to the Japanese introducing a new depth charge, the Type 3 Model 1 DC, in 1943?

This depth charge could go deeper than earlier Japanese models, to a depth of nearly 475 feet. This is about 80 feet deeper than the previous standard issue Japanese depth charge (Type 95).

Imperial Japanese Army Type 3 submergence transport vehicle-I Yu 1

Another significant point is that the newer depth charges sank 50% faster than the previous Type 95s (10 feet per second versus 6 feet per second).

To engage a US submarine that was running deep at 360 feet, it would take the older depth charge nearly a minute to get down to that depth. However, the newer Type 3 Model 1 DC could achieve this in just 36 seconds.

An example of an anti-submarine net,

Could this introduction be of a newer, more effective depth charge be the simple reason why there was a supposed increase in US submarine casualties?

One wonders if this could all be an urban myth or some distortion of the facts? There is no record or mention of Congressman May ever being reprimanded for his unguarded comment.

Kentucky Congressman Andrew J. May

Maybe the Navy, the arms industry, and certain politicians used Congressman May’s indiscreet comment to lay the blame at his doorstep for increased US submarine casualties. Such actions might have been motivated by revenge for his shady dealings regarding munitions contracts.

May did continue as Congressman for Kentucky’s 7 th District and kept his position as Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs until losing both three years later due to a separate scandal.

His eventual downfall was quite spectacular. In July 1947, he was convicted of accepting bribes to influence the awarding of munitions contracts during World War Two. He was sentenced to nine months in prison.

Rep. Andrew J. May, Democrat of Kentucky, urges the investigation of the Tennessee Valley Authority

He tried everything he could to avoid prison, but in 1950 he was forced to serve his sentence. Despite all that had happened, in 1952 he received a full pardon from President Truman, but his political career was in ruins. He went back to practicing law and died in obscurity.

Yet even this latter part of the story is open to question as the reason for May’s pardon is never stated. Often the source of his pardon is quoted as being Tyd magazine’s article “Artful Dodger”in the December 5, 1949 edition. Which for obvious reasons does not fit into the timeline of the story correctly.

So you be the judge: true story, exaggeration, or simply a colorful urban myth?

The Zoot Suit Riots of 1943

On the evening of June 3, 1943, a group of U.S. sailors told police that they had been attacked by a gang of zoot suit-wearing young “Mexicans” in downtown Los Angeles. The next day, as many as 200 uniformed sailors, seeking revenge, took taxis and buses to the Mexican American barrio section of East Los Angeles. Over the next few days, the servicemen attacked dozens of zoot suit-wearing pachucos, beating them and stripping them of their clothing. As the streets became littered with piles of burning zoot suits, word of the mayhem spread. Local newspapers referred to the servicemen as heroes helping police put down a “Mexican crime wave.”

On the night of June 7, the violence peaked as thousands of servicemen, now joined by white civilians, roamed downtown Los Angeles, attacking zoot-suited Latinos, as well as people of other minority groups, regardless of how they were dressed. The police responded by arresting more than 600 young Mexican Americans, many of whom had actually been victims of the servicemen’s assaults. To the disgust of the Latino community, only a handful of servicemen were arrested.

Perhaps the most vivid depiction of the night’s events came from author and expert on California politics and culture Carey McWilliams:

At midnight on June 8, the joint U.S. military command placed the streets of Los Angeles off-limits to all military personnel. Military police were dispatched to assist the LAPD in restoring and maintaining order. On June 9, the Los Angeles City Council enacted an emergency resolution making it illegal to wear a zoot suit on city streets. While peace had been mostly restored by June 10, similar racially-motivated anti-zoot suit violence occurred over the next few weeks in other cities, including Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia.

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