Fred H. Moore

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Fred H. Moore was 'n prokureur wat sy loopbaan by spoorwegondernemings begin het. Daarna vestig hy 'n kantoor in Los Angeles. Moore het 'n sosialis geword en in 1912 die saak van 'n vriend geneem, wat lid was van die Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) en in hegtenis geneem is tydens 'n toespraak in San Diego.

Na hierdie saak het Moore gewoonlik IWW -lede verteenwoordig. Dit sluit in die verdediging van die mense wat tydens die staking by die American Woolen Company in Lawrence, Massachusetts, gearresteer is. Die Lawrence Textile Strike het so gewelddadig geword dat William Cahn in sy boek daarop gewys het Lawrence 1912: The Bread and Roses Strike (1977): "Om die gesondheid van klein kinders tydens die staking te beskerm, stuur ouers dit na familielede en vriende in ander stede. Klein bokse is saamgebind, met identifikasie -etikette om hul nek gehang en 'n paar weke weggestuur in New York of Bridgeport of Barre of Philadelphia. Gewoonlik word 'n onthaaldemonstrasie aan die kinders gegee wanneer hulle in 'n gemeenskap aankom.

Die goewerneur van Massachusetts het die staatsmilisie beveel en tydens een betoging is 'n vyftienjarige seuntjie deur 'n bajonet van 'n burgermag doodgemaak. Kort daarna is 'n vroulike aanvaller, Anna LoPizzo, doodgeskiet. Die vakbond beweer dat sy deur 'n polisiebeampte vermoor is, maar Joseph Caruso, 'n aanvaller, word van haar moord aangekla. Arturo Giovannitti en Joseph Ettor, wat drie kilometer ver was tydens 'n stakingvergadering, is gearresteer en aangekla as 'bykomstighede tot die moord'.

Fred Moore gestuur is na Lawrence gestuur om die mans te verdedig. Gekonfronteer met toenemende slegte publisiteit, het die American Woolen Company op 12 Maart 1912 aan al die stakers se eise voldoen. Teen die einde van die maand het die res van die ander tekstielondernemings in Lawrence ook ingestem om die hoër lone te betaal. Giovannitti en Ettor het egter sonder verhoor in die tronk gebly. Protesvergaderings het in stede regdeur Amerika plaasgevind en die saak het uiteindelik in Salem plaasgevind. Op 26 November 1912 is albei mans vrygespreek.

In 1919 het die Workers Defense Union Fred Moore gevra om Charles Krieger, 'n Industrial Workers of the World -organiseerder, te verdedig wat daarvan beskuldig is dat hy die huis van 'n Standard Oil -amptenaar in Tulsa, Oklahoma, laat opvolg het. IWW -leier Elizabeth Gurley het Eugene Lyons gestuur om hom te help. In sy outobiografie, Opdrag in Utopia (1937): "Moore, nogal sinister onder sy westerhoed met 'n breë rand, het my honderd-en-twintig pond skraal jeugdigheid, my poëtiese kapsel, die boheemse slordigheid van my klere in een kykende inspeksie ingeneem. Hy het nie moeite gedoen om steek sy afsku weg. ” Moore het gesê: "En ek het gedink Gurley stuur vir ons 'n man!" 'N Ander helper was die skrywer, Lola Darroch, wat later met Moore getroud is.

Tydens die verhoor wat tien weke geduur het, het Moore en Lyons 'n wenk gehad wat 'n waaksaamheidsgroep onder die beheer van Standard Oil, Committee of One Hundred, beoog om Moore en Lyons te lynch. Dit het nooit gebeur nie, want volgens Lyons het hulle na die verhoor agtergekom "dat ons onder die skerp-oog beskerming van 'n klein leër privaat gewapende mans was, onder bevel om die eerste man wat ons aangeraak het, af te skiet." Fred Moore kon aantoon dat Krieger 'n slagoffer van 'n Standard Oil-raamwerk was en die jurie het hom onskuldig bevind. Lyons het aangevoer: "Boeke oor die Amerikaanse arbeid en radikale bewegings het Moore nie reg laat geskied nie. 'N Briljante advokaat, kwiksoties toegewyd en selfopofferend, is deur 'n genie gestremd vir nie-ooreenstemming."

Op 5 Mei 1920 is Nicola Sacco en Bartolomeo Vanzetti gearresteer en ondervra oor die moorde op Frederick Parmenter en Alessandro Berardelli, in South Braintree. Die mans is dood toe hulle twee bokse met die betaalstaat van 'n skoenfabriek gedra het. Nadat Parmenter en Berardelli doodgeskiet is, het die twee rowers die $ 15 000 gevat en in 'n motor geklim met verskeie ander mans en weggejaag. Verskeie ooggetuies beweer dat die rowers Italiaans lyk. 'N Groot aantal Italiaanse immigrante is ondervra, maar uiteindelik het die owerhede besluit om Sacco en Vanzetti van die moorde aan te kla. Alhoewel die twee mans nie kriminele rekords het nie, is aangevoer dat hulle die roof gepleeg het om geld te bekom vir hul anargistiese politieke veldtog.

Moore het ingestem om die twee mans te verdedig. Eugene Lyons, het navorsing vir Moore gedoen. Lyons onthou later: "Fred Moore, toe ek na Italië vertrek het, was in beheer van 'n onduidelike saak in Boston waarby 'n vishandelaar met die naam Bartolomeo Vanzetti en 'n skoenmaker met die naam Nicola Sacco betrokke was. Hy het my uitdruklike instruksies gegee om die hele Italië op te wek. oor die betekenis van die moordsaak in Massachusetts en om sekere getuies en bewyse op te spoor. Die Italiaanse arbeidersbeweging het egter ander dinge om oor bekommerd te wees: 'n Eks-sosialis met die naam Benito Mussolini en 'n sprinkaanplaag van swart hemde, byvoorbeeld. Ek het wel stukke oor Sacco en Vanzetti ingekry Avanti!, wat Mussolini een keer geredigeer het, en in een of twee ander koerante. Ek het selfs daarin geslaag om 'n paar sosialiste op te wek onorevoles, soos adjunk Mucci uit die geboortedorp van Sacco in Puglia, en adjunk Misiano, 'n Siciliaanse brandmerk heel links. Mucci het die Sacco-Vanzetti-saak op die vloer van die Kamer van Afgevaardigdes gebring, die eerste straler van buitelandse protes in wat uiteindelik 'n dreigende internasionale vloed sou word. "

Die verhoor het op 21 Mei 1921 begin. Die belangrikste getuienis teen die mans was dat hulle albei 'n geweer gedra het toe hulle in hegtenis geneem is. Sommige mense wat die misdaad sien plaasvind, het Bartolomeo Vanzetti en Nicola Sacco as die rowers geïdentifiseer. Ander het nie saamgestem nie en albei mans het goeie alibi's. Vanzetti verkoop vis in Plymouth terwyl Sacco in Boston was saam met sy vrou wat sy foto laat neem. Die vervolging het baie daarvan gemaak dat almal wat geroep is om bewyse te lewer om hierdie alibi te ondersteun, ook Italiaanse immigrante was.

Vanzetti en Sacco is benadeel omdat hulle nie die Engelse taal heeltemal verstaan nie. Webster Thayer, die regter was duidelik bevooroordeeld teenoor anargiste. Die vorige jaar het hy 'n jurie bestraf omdat hy die anargis Sergie Zuboff vrygespreek het van die oortreding van die wet op kriminele anargie. Dit was duidelik uit sommige van die antwoorde wat Vanzetti en Sacco in die hof gegee het dat hulle die vraag verkeerd verstaan het. Tydens die verhoor beklemtoon die vervolging die mans se radikale politieke oortuigings. Vanzetti en Sacco is ook beskuldig van onpatriotiese gedrag deur tydens die Eerste Wêreldoorlog na Mexiko te vlug.

Eugene Lyons het in sy outobiografie aangevoer, Opdrag in Utopia (1937): "Fred Moore was in sy hart 'n kunstenaar. Instinktief herken hy die materiaal van 'n wêreldkwessie in wat vir ander 'n roetine -aangeleentheid was ... Toe die saak tot 'n historiese twis ontwikkel het, was hierdie mans heeltemal verward. Maar Moore het sy omvang van die eerste af gesien. Sy regstaktiek was die onderwerp van geskil en beskuldigings. Ek dink dat daar wel 'n kleur van die waarheid is, in die beskuldiging dat hy soms die letterlike behoeftes van die wettiese prosedure aan die groter behoeftes van die geval as 'n simbool van klasstryd. As hy dit nie gedoen het nie, sou Sacco en Vanzetti ses jaar tevore gesterf het sonder die troos van martelaarskap. Met die beraadslaging van 'n komponis ontwikkel die besonderhede van 'n simfonie wat hy in sy afgeronde geheel aanvoel. , Het Moore die elemente in die saak duidelik gemaak en verdiep, en in die eerste plek het hy ten doel gehad om die klassieke karakter van die outomatiese vooroordele wat teen Sacco en Vanzetti werk, af te baken. Soms oor die protes. van die mans self het hy wettiese konvensies deurgesny om onderliggende motiewe aan die lig te bring. Dit is geen wonder dat die geknypte, dyspeptiese regter en die prokureurs vir prokureurs vir Moore gekom het met 'n haat wat bewondering onderstebo was nie. "

In die hof beweer Nicola Sacco: "Ek weet dat die vonnis tussen twee klasse, die onderdrukte en die ryk klas sal wees, en dat daar altyd 'n botsing tussen die een en die ander sal wees. Ons verbroed die mense met die boeke, met die literatuur. Jy vervolg die mense, tiranniseer hulle en maak hulle dood. Ons probeer altyd die opvoeding van mense. U probeer 'n pad tussen ons en 'n ander nasionaliteit plaas wat mekaar haat. Daarom is ek vandag hier op hierdie bank, omdat ek van die onderdrukte klas. Wel, jy is die onderdrukker. " Die verhoor het sewe weke geduur en op 14 Julie 1921 is albei mans skuldig bevind aan moord in die eerste graad en ter dood veroordeel. Die joernalis. Heywood Broun, het berig dat toe regter Thayer vonnis opgelê het oor Sacco en Vanzetti, 'n vrou in die hofsaal met angs gesê het: "Dit is die dood wat die lewe veroordeel!"

Bartolomeo Vanzetti het in die hof gesê nadat die vonnis aangekondig is: 'Die jurie haat ons omdat ons teen die oorlog was, en die jurie weet nie dat dit 'n verskil maak tussen 'n man wat teen die oorlog is nie, omdat hy glo dat die oorlog is onregverdig omdat hy geen land haat nie, omdat hy 'n kosmopoliet is en 'n man wat teen die oorlog is, omdat hy ten gunste is van die ander land wat veg teen die land waarin hy is, en daarom 'n spioen, 'n vyand, en hy pleeg enige misdaad in die land waarin hy namens die ander land is om die ander land te dien. Ons is nie sulke mense nie. Niemand kan sê dat ons Duitse spioene of spioene van enige aard is nie ... Ek het in my lewe nooit 'n misdaad gepleeg nie - ek het nog nooit gesteel nie en ek het nog nooit doodgemaak nie en ek het nog nooit bloed gemors nie, en ek het teen misdaad geveg, en ek het geveg en myself opgeoffer, selfs om die misdade wat die wet en die kerk wettig en heilig. ”

In 1925 het Celestino Madeiros, 'n Portugese immigrant, erken dat hy lid was van die bende wat Frederick Parmenter en Alessandro Berardelli vermoor het. Hy noem ook die vier ander mans, Joe, Fred, Pasquale en Mike Morelli, wat aan die rooftog deelgeneem het. Die broers Morelli was bekende misdadigers wat soortgelyke rooftogte in die omgewing van Massachusetts uitgevoer het. Die owerhede het egter geweier om die bekentenis van Madeiros te ondersoek.

Belangrike figure in die Verenigde State en Europa het betrokke geraak by die veldtog om die skuldigbevinding om te keer. John Dos Passos, Alice Hamilton, Paul Kellog, Jane Addams, Heywood Broun, William Patterson, Upton Sinclair, Dorothy Parker, Ben Shahn, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Felix Frankfurter, John Howard Lawson, Freda Kirchway, Floyd Dell, Bertrand Russell, George Bernard Shaw en HG Wells het betrokke geraak by 'n veldtog om 'n herverhoor te bekom. Hoewel Webster Thayer, die oorspronklike regter, amptelik gekritiseer is vir sy optrede tydens die verhoor, het die owerheid geweier om die besluit om die mans tereg te stel, te laat vaar.

Eugene Debs, die leier van die Sosialistiese Party van Amerika, het 'n beroep op vakbondoptrede gedoen teen die besluit: 'Die hooggeregshof van Massachusetts het uiteindelik gepraat en Bartolomeo Vanzetti en Nicola Sacco, twee van die dapperste en beste verkenners wat ooit die arbeid gedien het beweging, moet na die elektriese stoel gaan .... Dit is nou die tyd dat alle arbeid opgewek word en as 'n groot gasheer saamtrek om sy aangevalde eer te bevestig, sy selfrespek te bevestig en sy eis te stel dat dit ten spyte daarvan van die kapitalisties-beheerde howe in Massachusetts, moet eerlike en onskuldige arbeiders, wie se misdaad slegs die onskuld van misdaad en lojaliteit aan arbeid is, nie vermoor word deur die amptelike huurlinge van die korporatiewe magte wat heers en tiranniseer oor die staat nie. "

Teen die somer van 1927 het dit duidelik geword dat Nicola Sacco en Bartolomeo Vanzetti tereggestel sou word. Vanzetti het aan 'n joernalis gesê: "As dit nie vir hierdie ding was nie, sou ek my lewe geleef het om op straathoeke te praat met manne wat spot. Ek was moontlik dood, ongemerk, onbekend, 'n mislukking. Nou is ons nie 'n mislukking nie. Dit is ons loopbaan en ons triomf. Ons kan nooit in ons volle lewe hoop om sulke werk te doen vir verdraagsaamheid, geregtigheid, vir die mens se begrip van die mens, soos nou per ongeluk nie. Ons woorde - ons lewens - ons pyne - niks! ons lewens - die lewens van 'n goeie skoenmaker en 'n arm visman - alles! Die laaste oomblik behoort aan ons - die pyn is ons triomf. Op 23 Augustus 1927, die dag van teregstelling, het meer as 250 000 mense aan 'n stille demonstrasie deelgeneem in Boston.

Die romanskrywer, Upton Sinclair, het besluit om die saak te ondersoek. Hy het 'n onderhoud met Moore gevoer en volgens Sinclair se jongste biograaf, Anthony Arthur: "Fred Moore, het Sinclair later gesê, wat sy eie toenemende twyfel oor die onskuld van Sacco en Vanzetti bevestig het. Vergader in 'n hotelkamer in Denver op pad huis toe van Boston, hy en Moore Moore het gesê dat geen van die mans dit ooit aan hom erken het nie, maar hy was seker van Sacco se skuld en redelik seker van Vanzetti se kennis van die misdaad, indien nie sy medepligtigheid daaraan nie. " In 'n brief wat destyds deur Sinclair geskryf is, word erken dat hy twyfel oor Moore se getuienis: "Ek het sekere feite oor Fred Moore besef. Ek het gehoor dat hy dwelms gebruik. Ek het geweet dat hy uit die verdedigingskomitee geskei het na die ergste rusies .... Moore het aan my toegegee dat die mans self nooit hul skuld aan hom erken het nie, en ek het begin wonder of sy huidige houding en gevolgtrekkings nie die gevolg is van sy gedagtes oor sy onreg nie. "

Sinclair was nou onseker of 'n regsmis plaasgevind het. Hy het besluit om die roman te beëindig op 'n noot van dubbelsinnigheid rakende die skuld of onskuld van die Italiaanse anargiste. Toe Robert Minor, 'n leidende figuur in die Amerikaanse Kommunistiese Party, die bedoelings van Upton Sinclair ontdek, bel hy hom en sê: "Jy sal die beweging verwoes! Dit sal verraad wees!" Sinclair se roman, Boston, verskyn in 1928. Anders as sommige van sy vroeëre radikale werk, het die roman baie goeie resensies gekry. Die New York Times noem dit 'n 'literêre prestasie' en dat dit 'vol skerp waarneming en woeste karakterisering' is, wat 'n nuwe 'vakmanskap in die tegniek van die roman' toon.

Van die een arbeidstryd na die ander het hy gedryf en sake aangeneem wat die meer gepubliseerde prokureurs, die hopelose, desperate sake in die arbeidstryd, nie kon bekostig nie. Baie van die regsgevegte het bekend geword in die Amerikaanse arbeidsgeskiedenis - die Ettore -Giovanniti -saak; die Spokane vrye spraakgeveg; die saak Everett, Washington, die Bisbee, Arizona, saak; die Wichita I.W.W. geval-maar geen deel van hierdie roem het hom toegekom nie. Hy het altyd met die verdedigingskomitees of die kliënte gestry, of hom in 'n privaat emosionele skraap geraak en die louere van oorwinning verloor. Selfs in die Sacco -Vanzetti -saak, waaraan hy vier jaar gegee het - en daar sou waarskynlik nie so 'n geval gewees het as Moore dit nie aangegryp het nie en dit na 'n celebre veroorsaak - 'n goed betaalde kapitalistiese prokureur het uiteindelik die eer en die roem gepluk.

Die opwindende aanklag teen "Big Boy" Krieger, 'n lang Pennsylvaniabo-Nederlander, was so 'n tasbare raamwerk dat niemand eers gemaak het asof dit iets anders was nie. Die gemiddelde burger van Tulsa, wat toe beheer is deur 'n waaksaamheidskomitee van honderd, het bloot 'n sportbelang gehad in die vraag of die Standard Oil -skare hul fantastiese uitvinding kan laat vashou. Die saak was die laaste fase van 'n vasberade poging van die oliebelange om I.WW, vakbondroering, wat aansienlike vordering gemaak het, uit die staat te dryf. Organiseerders is geslaan, geteer en geveder, op rails gery. Maar hulle het aanhou terugkom soos soveel lastige vlieë. Op 'n aand sit iemand dinamiet onder die stoep, waar mevrou Pew gewoonlik slaap. Sy was nie daar nie, dit het gebeur, en nie veel skade is aangerig nie. Maar die pers het dit onmiddellik opskrif gelê toe Rooi Terreur en die owerhede elke bekende en vermoedelike I.W.W. in Oklahoma.
Die polisie was baie bedroef toe dit blyk dat nie een van die mans wat in hegtenis geneem is, die aand van die ontploffing in of naby Tulsa was nie. Na die onlangse teer-en-veerpartytjies het die Wobblies blykbaar op 'n afstand van die stad gehou. Maar daardie klein detail het nie patriotiese vurigheid geskaak nie. Die Rooi Terreur, het die polisie besluit, is deur afwesige behandeling toegepas.

Fred Moore was 'n kunstenaar. Instinktief herken hy die materiaal van 'n wêreldkwessie in wat vir ander 'n roetine aangeleentheid was. 'N Sosialistiese koerantman het 'n paar dae in Boston deurgebring en na New York teruggekeer om te berig dat "daar geen storie in is nie ... net 'n paar keer in 'n konfyt." Nie een van die lede van die verdedigingskomitee het onmiddellik gevorm nadat die mans gearresteer het dat die saak iets groter was as wat dit lyk nie. As hy dit nie gedoen het nie, sou Sacco en Vanzetti ses jaar tevore gesterf het sonder die troos van martelaarskap.
Met die beraadslaging van 'n komponis wat die besonderhede van 'n simfonie ontwikkel wat hy in sy afgeronde geheel aanvoel, het Moore die elemente wat in die saak geïmpliseer is, verduidelik en verdiep. Geen wonder dat die geknypte, dyspeptiese beoordelaar en die pettifogging -advokate vir Moore haat met 'n haat wat bewondering is. Hy het nie 'die spel gespeel' volgens hul heilige reëls nie.
Miskien was sy moeilikste taak, en dus sy kreatiefste prestasie, om die twee Italianers oral as tipes en simbole van werkers te wys. Arbeidselemente in ander lande erken Sacco en Vanzetti as hul eie, lank voordat Amerikaanse werkers toegestem het tot hierdie identifikasie. Amerikaanse arbeid, en veral die deel wat in konserwatiewe vakbonde georganiseer is, het aanvanklik gewelddadig die implikasie verwerp dat hierdie twee uitlanders-selferkende anargiste, internasionaliste, ateïste in elk geval verteenwoordigende Amerikaanse werkers was. Hulle sosiale sienings was 'on -Amerikaans'. Om hulle as broers te aanvaar, was om twyfel te werp oor die middelklas-waan van die bona fide arbeidersbeweging.

Dit was Fred Moore, het Sinclair later gesê, wat sy eie groeiende twyfel oor die onskuld van Sacco en Vanzetti bevestig het. Moore het gesê dat geen van die mans dit ooit aan hom erken het nie, maar hy was seker van Sacco se skuld en redelik seker van Vanzetti se kennis van die misdaad, indien nie sy medepligtigheid daaraan nie. Hierdie kennis het Moore nie verhinder om alles in sy vermoë te doen om die twee mans te red nie, insluitend onwettige aktiwiteite. Die hele regstelsel was korrup, het Moore daarop aangedring en Sinclair verseker dat "daar geen kriminele prokureur is wat in Amerika roem verwerf het nie, behalwe deur alibi's uit te vind en getuies te huur. Daar is geen ander manier om 'n kriminele advokaat in Amerika te wees nie.

Fred H. Moore, Sr. Doodsberig

Oom Fred was deel van die groot groep Moore -mans wat pappa liefgehad het. Sy ma Mable Davis het goeie verhale oor haar pa en haar broers en. Lees meer »& rdquo
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Begrafnisdienste vir Fred H. Moore, sr., Van Start, LA, is gehou om 14:00, Sondag, 30 September 2012 by die Start Baptist Church, Start, LA, met eerwaarde Jeff Smart. Begrafnis het gevolg in Start Begraafplaas, Start, LA, onder leiding van Brown-Holley Funeral Home, Rayville, LA.

Fred is gebore op 11 Junie 1920 in Rayville, LA, en is Donderdag 27 September 2012 in Monroe, LA oorlede, op 92 -jarige ouderdom. Sy vrou, Viola Simpson Moore -ouers, Harland en Mary Williams Moore, sterf vooraf seuns, Charles R. Moore, John E. Moore skoondogter, Elaine Farley Moore broers, James, Harvey, Tommy, Harrold "Joe", Horace, Raymond en Felix susters, Mable, Dolly en Florence.

Oorlewendes sluit in sy seuns, Fred H. Moore, Jr. en vrou, Ethel van Start, Kenneth D. Moore en vrou, Cindy van Sterlington, LA, Mike Moore en vrou, Nita van Start-skoondogter, Barbara Moore van Davenport, Iowa 12-kleinkinders 16-agter kleinkinders en 'n magdom niggies, nefies en neefs.

Die familie wil hul dank betuig teenoor mev. Betty Crawford vir haar toegewyde en liefdevolle versorging van meneer Moore.

Pallbearers was Brian Allen, Brandon Moore, Chuck Moore, Nicky Smith, Bubba Moore, David Moore, Elliott Colvin en Will Minchew.

MOORE Genealogie

WikiTree is 'n gemeenskap van genealoë wat 'n toenemend akkurate gesamentlike stamboom groei wat vir ewig 100% gratis is vir almal. Sluit asseblief by ons aan.

Sluit asseblief by ons aan om saam te werk aan MOORE -familiebome. Ons het die hulp van goeie genealoë nodig om 'n heeltemal gratis gedeelde stamboom om ons almal te verbind.

BELANGRIKE KENNISGEWING EN VRYWARING: U HET 'N VERANTWOORDELIKHEID OM VERSIGTIG TE WEES OM PRIVAATINLIGTING TE versprei. WIKITREE BESKERM DIE GEVOELIGSTE INLIGTING, MAAR SLEGS TOT DIE GEDEELTE IN DIE DIENSVOORWAARDES EN PRIVAATHEIDSBELEID.

Biografie van Fred H. Moore Jefferson County, NY Biografieë Fred H. Moore. - Uitstekend onder die burgers van Watertown, beide vanweë sy professionele bekwaamheid en vir sy publieke besorgdheid oor die aangeleenthede van die gemeenskap, is Fred H. Moore, wat dien as klerk van Jefferson County. Hy is gebore in hierdie stad, 14 November 1879, die seun van Jacob H. en Mary E. (Steadman) Moore. Jacob H. Moore en sy vrou was inboorlinge van Albany County, N. Y. Hy sterf in 1915 en sy vrou sterf in 1923. Fred H. Moore het die plaaslike openbare skole bygewoon en by die regskantore van Smith & amp; Reeves ingegaan. Hy is in 1902 opgeneem in die balie van die staat New York, en was tot 1921 suksesvol betrokke by die praktyk van die reg in hierdie stad. Hy dien sedertdien as die bekwame klerk van Jefferson County. Polities is mnr Moore 'n Republikein, en hy het die amp van sekretaris van die Jefferson County Republikeinse komitee beklee. Hy is in Mei 1930 as voorsitter verkies en in September daardie jaar herkies. Hy het gedien as assistent -distriksprokureur van Jefferson County en as wethouer van die vyfde wyk. Mnr. Moore is lid van die Trinity Episcopal Church en is verbonde aan die vrymesselaars- en Elk -lodges. Hy word geïdentifiseer met die Jefferson County Bar Association en behoort aan die Lincoln League. Die Noordland 'N Geskiedenis, omhelsing Jefferson, St. Lawrence, Oswego, Lewis en Franklin Counties, New York. Deur: Harry F. Landon Historiese Uitgewersmaatskappy Indianopolis, Indiana, 1932 Freddy Moore se vrou praat oor Demi Moore se skokkende bedrogstelling, sê die musikant sukkel met Alzheimer

In haar nuwe memoir 'Inside Out' vertel Demi Moore oor haar moeilike kinderjare en vertel sy 'n verhaal van toe sy op 15 -jarige ouderdom verkrag is. Die man het haar ma $ 500 betaal om seks met haar te hê.

Freddy Moore se vrou, Renee Moore, kom na vore nadat Demi Moore erken het dat sy die musikant bedrieg het in haar skokkende "Inside Out".

Moore skryf in "die aand voor ons trou, in plaas van om aan my geloftes te werk", sluip sy uit haar bachelorette party en slaap met 'n man wat sy op 'n filmstel ontmoet het.

Die vrou van die rockmusikant, Renee, met wie hy in 2005 getroud is, het die onthulling in 'n eksklusiewe verklaring aan Fox News gerig.

'Ons het die boek nie gesien nie, en ons kan en wil nie kommentaar lewer oor enige besonderhede nie,' het Renee Donderdag aan ons gesê. 'Wat ek sal sê, is dat Rick [Freddy] en Demi lank gelede getroud was toe hul lewens baie anders was. In die tyd sedert hulle albei na hul eie paaie gegaan het. ”

Demi Moore en Freddy Moore tydens & quotFridays & quot Wrap Party in ABC Studios in Los Angeles, Kalifornië, Verenigde State. (Foto deur Ron Galella/Ron Galella -versameling via Getty Images)

Volgens Renee se blog, It's Not a Rumor, is Freddy, gebore as Frederick George Moore, op 60 -jarige ouderdom met Alzheimer gediagnoseer.

'Rick sukkel, soos te veel ander, met die gruwels van Alzheimer,' verduidelik sy. 'Ons gedagtes en pogings fokus op sy sorg. Voordat die siekte vorder, het hy wel sy verhaal geskryf, en dit sal op 'n stadium in sy eie boek gedeel word. Ons beskou dit as syne, net soos ek seker Demi haar boek as haar eie beskou. ”

Freddy Moore en Demi Moore tydens & quotFridays & quot Wrap Party by ABC Studios in Los Angeles, Kalifornië, Verenigde State. (Foto deur Ron Galella/Ron Galella -versameling via Getty Images)

Deur die blog het Renee meer bewus geword van die verwoestende siekte wat geheue benadeel en lesers aangemoedig om uit te vind hoe dit hul eie gesinne beïnvloed het.

'Ek is getroud met die liefde van my lewe', het Renee geskryf in 'n plasing van Februarie vanjaar. 'Hy was briljant, in werklikheid 'n genie, mooi, so liefdevol en gee, die lieflikste persoon wat u ooit kon ontmoet. Hy was 'n wonderlike liedjieskrywer, musikant en sanger. Ons sou tot die vroeë oggendure gesels en saam was hemels. ”

'Na 35 jaar van liefde vir mekaar en huwelik, het ons die verskriklike nuus gekry dat Rick Alzheimer se siekte op 60 -jarige ouderdom gehad het,' het sy gesê. 'Maar 60? Dit is so 'n jong ouderdom van 60. Mans het selfs kinders op 60, my pa. Mense tree eers af tot 65. Die nuus was die hartseerste dag in my lewe. ”

Freddy en Moore het die knoop deurgehak toe sy net 18 was in 1980. Die egpaar het dit in 1985 gestaak.

Toe The Daily Mail die musikant Woensdag inhaal, het hy 'mal' gebare gemaak toe hy uitgevra is oor die verhale in die boek, het die nuusblad gesê, maar het bygevoeg dat hy dit 'so vinnig as wat hy kan' lees.

Hierdie aktrise is gebore as Demetria Gene Guynes. (Reuters)

In haar memoir, nou 'n topverkoper, kyk Moore waarom sy haar man voor die troue bedrieg het.

“Waarom het ek dit gedoen?” Moore geskryf. 'Waarom het ek nie die man met wie ek my verbind het gaan sien om my twyfel uit te spreek nie? Omdat ek nie die feit kon sien dat ek trou om my aandag af te lei van die dood van my pa nie. Omdat ek gevoel het daar is geen ruimte om te bevraagteken wat ek al aan die gang gesit het nie. Ek kon nie uit die huwelik kom nie, maar ek kon dit saboteer. ”

Rumer Willis, Demi Moore, Bruce Willis, Scout Willis, Emma Heming Willis en Tallulah Willis woon Demi Moore se & quotInside Out & quot boekbekendstelling op 23 September 2019 in Los Angeles by. (Getty)

Die Brat Pack -ster trou in 1987 met die akteur Bruce Willis. Die twee sterre deel drie dogters: Rumer (31), Scout (28) en Tallulah Belle (25.) Die egpaar is in 2000 geskei.

Moore het in 2003 met Ashton Kutcher begin uitgaan, 'n verhouding wat sy vroeër vandeesmaand aan die New York Times beskryf het as ''n do-over.

'Soos ek net terug in die tyd kon gaan en beleef hoe dit was om saam met hom jonk te wees- baie meer as wat ek dit ooit kon beleef toe ek eintlik in my twintigerjare was,' het Moore gesê oor hul 15- jaar ouderdomsverskil.

Ashton Kutcher en Demi Moore by die première van & quotNo Strings Attached & quot in die Regency Village Theatre in Los Angeles, 11 Januarie 2011. Moore beweer dat Kutcher haar skaam gemaak het oor haar alkoholmisbruik tydens hul huwelik. (Reuters)

Volgens die koerant het Moore swanger geraak nadat sy en Kutcher begin uitgaan het. Sy het die kind, 'n meisie wat sy Chaplin Ray sou genoem het, ses maande na die swangerskap verloor.

Nadat die egpaar in 2005 getroud is, het Moore en Kutcher na berig word gesoek na vrugbaarheidsbehandelings. Moore val egter terug en begin drink en misbruik van Vicodin. Moore beweer Kutcher het haar bedrieg. Die egpaar het in 2011 geskei en twee jaar later geskei.

Moore het aan die Times gesê dat sy nie bekommerd was dat enigiets wat sy in haar memoires geskryf het haar loopbaan in Hollywood sou beïnvloed nie.

16 November 2014. Aktrise Demi Moore poseer tydens die Santa Barbara International Film Festival 9th Annual Kirk Douglas -toekenning vir uitnemendheid in film in Santa Barbara, Kalifornië. (Reuters)

'Daar is niks wat ek hoef te beskerm nie,' het sy verduidelik. “Regtig. Ek stel beslis nie daarin belang om iemand te blameer nie. Dit is 'n vermorsing van energie. Ek hoop dat almal in die boek so voel - ek weet nie wat ek hoop hulle voel nie. Goed, nie sleg nie. ”

Jon Cryer het onlangs gereageer op Moore se bewering dat sy sy maagdelikheid geneem het tydens die tyd saam op die stel van hul film "No Small Affair" uit 1984.

"Ek het 'n jong nagklubsanger gespeel, en Jon Cryer het die 19-jarige fotograaf gespeel wat op haar verlief geraak het, in sy eerste rolprent," skryf Moore, volgens People. 'Jon het ook in die regte lewe vir my geval en sy maagdelikheid vir my verloor terwyl ons die film gemaak het.'

Sy het bygevoeg: 'Dit maak my pynlik om te dink hoe gevoelig ek was met sy gevoelens - dat ek 'n belangrike en pragtige oomblik van hom gesteel het.'

Cryer (54), 'n jarelange ster van die sitkom "Two and a Half Men", het Dinsdag 'n artikel oor die uittreksel op Twitter toegespreek en geskryf: 'Wel, die goeie ding hieroor is dat sy nie sleg hoef te voel daaroor nie meer, want hoewel ek seker is dat dit heeltemal geregverdig was om die aanname te maak op grond van my vaardigheidsvlak (en die verstomde blik op my gesig destyds), het ek eintlik my maagdelikheid op hoërskool verloor, "het hy verduidelik.

'Maar sy het die ander kant reg, ek was oor die maan vir haar gedurende 'n baie moeilike tyd in haar lewe,' het hy bygevoeg. 'Ek het niks anders as liefde vir haar nie, en ek het geen spyt in die wêreld nie.'

Mariah Haas en Jessica Napoli van Fox News het tot hierdie verslag bygedra.

Fred Moore

Toe 'n vriend weens 'n tandpyn nie 'n geskeduleerde onderhoud met Walt Disney kon voer nie, het die 19-jarige Fred Moore die geleentheid aangegryp en in sy plek gegaan. 'N Natuurlike tekenaar, sonder formele kunsopleiding, behalwe vir 'n paar nagklasse wat hy behaal het in ruil vir skoonmaakwerk by Chouinard Art Institute, het Fred die pos gewen. Sy animasie -genie sou later op Disney -films en 'n hele generasie jong kunstenaars gedruk word, wat hy deur sy onberispelike tekeninge geïnspireer het.

Die storieman Larry Clemmons het eenkeer onthou: 'Hy was 'n hulp vir ander ouens. Ouens kom in sy kamer en sê: ‘Fred, hoe sou jy dit doen?’ Fred sou sê: ‘Wel, hier!’ - en hy sou hulle wys - hy het nie lesings gegee nie, hy het dit net gedoen. ”

Gebore as Robert Fred Moore op 7 September 1911, het hy die Polytechnic High School in Los Angeles bygewoon. Terwyl hy grootgeword het, het Fred dikwels tekeninge by die Los Angeles Junior Times, 'n tydskrif vir jongmense. Elke keer as 'n tekening van hom gepubliseer is, verdien Fred wat hy 'helder Junior Times -knoppies' noem, in plaas van kontant.

Fred het baie knoppies verdien toe hy by Disney aangesluit het. Terwyl hy daar was, het hy die voorkoms van Mickey Mouse verander van die tradisionele tekenskool "rubber slang en ronde sirkel", wat 'n "squash and stretch" tegniek gebruik het wat die karakter meer elasties laat lyk, tot die geliefde karakter wat vandag nog in ontwerp is.

Die kenmerk van Fred se tekenstyl was egter sy ongelooflike vermoë om emosies, sjarme en aantrekkingskrag aan sy karakters te gee, terwyl dit ook hul optrede meer oortuigend maak.

Toe hy die varke in animasie Drie varkiesFred het byvoorbeeld ook die hoogste lof van Walt gewen dat "ons uiteindelik ware persoonlikheid in 'n geheelbeeld bereik het." Fred het altesaam bygedra tot byna 35 kortbroek, insluitend Pluto se oordeelsdag, Drie wees katjies, wat 'n Oscar ® gewen het, en Dapper Kleermaker, wat genomineer is vir 'n Academy Award ®.

In 1934 noem Walt Fred die regisseur van die dwerge in die eerste animasiefilm van die ateljee, Sneeuwitjie en die sewe dwerge. Volgens die animators Frank Thomas en Ollie Johnston, was die dwerge een van Fred se grootste prestasies. In hul boek Disney -animasie: die illusie van lewe, het hulle geskryf, "In die gedagtes van die publiek was daar nie meer onvergeetlike karakters as die dwerge nie." Ander karakters wat Fred tot lewe gebring het, sluit Lampwick in Pinocchio, Timoteus in Dumbo, en die Centaurettes in Fantasie.

Geheue boek

Simpatie blomme

Fred is gebore op 25 Maart 1929 en is op Dinsdag 1 Februarie 2011 oorlede.

Fred was 'n inwoner van Drummonds, Tennessee.

Die inligting in hierdie doodsberig is gebaseer op data van die Amerikaanse regering se doodsindeks vir sosiale sekerheid. Geen verdere inligting is beskikbaar nie. Meer besonderhede oor hierdie databron word verskaf in ons afdeling met algemene vrae.

Stuur meegevoel

SOEK ANDER BRONNE

Die pragtige en interaktiewe Eternal Tribute vertel die lewensverhaal van Fred soos dit verdien om vertel te word woorde, prente en video.

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Deel die spesiale foto van u geliefde met almal. Dokumenteer gesinsverbindings, diensinligting, spesiale tye en onskatbare oomblikke vir almal om vir altyd te onthou en te koester met ondersteuning vir onbeperkte kopieë.

Aanlyn multimedia -gedenkteken met onbeperkte foto's, video's, musiek en meer
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Laat 'n geheue agter

Fred H. Moore - Geskiedenis

Fred M. Moore, Jr. Union Grand Council Knights of Pythagoras

Die tydperk rondom 500-600 v.C. was extraordinary for the number of men whose thought would profoundly affect the world from that time forward.

In India, Prince Siddhartha was becoming the Gautama Buddha. In China, it was the time of Lao-tse and Confucius. In the western world, it was the time of Pythagoras.

In our modern perspective on "history", everything before Plato and Aristotle is murky, and even semi-mythic. We tend to see everything before the rise of Periclean Athens as primitive an arrogant and fallacious perspective. Pythagoras, some seven generations before Plato, was a philosopher/scientist in a line of teaching already thousands of years old, the Orphic tradition.

The major names we know from this ancient line are Orpheus (semi-mythological), Hermes Trismegistus of Egypt (legendary), Pythagoras, (historical personage), and Plato. The classic writers regarded Orpheus as the greatest spiritual master, Pythagoras the greatest scientist, and Plato the greatest philosopher in this line of teaching.

From our perspective we see the historical Pythagoras as an originator, but it would be more accurate to see him as the inheritor of a very ancient body of teaching, as is demonstrated in his own biography Most of his life was spent traveling, studying the accumulated wisdom of the ancient world from Egypt to India.

We can trace his path fairly accurately from Roman and Greek sources. Pythagoras left his birth island of Samos (in the third year of the 53rd Olympiad), at the age of 18, to spend the next 40 years studying with the greatest teachers of all schools in the ancient world. He spent 22 years in Egypt, and another 12 years in Babylon. He also studied in India, and with teachers in Crete and Sparta.

It was not until the age of 56 (in the 62nd Olympiad) that Pythagoras settled in the Italian city of Crotona. Crotona was one of the many Greek colonies around the northern Mediterranean, the autonomous cities of Magna Graecia.

In Crotona he established his Academy and its religious-scientific- philosophical-political movement, the secret wisdom school known as the Pythagorean Brotherhood. The Academy was to endure, in some form, for approximately 200 years after Pythagoras' death.

At about the same time Pythagoras married for the first time. His wife Theano was the daughter of Pythagoras' most famous disciple, Milo of Crotona, from whose house Pythagoras managed his school. (Men and women were admitted to the Academy on an equal basis, and Theano was a disciple at the Academy in her own right. Pythagoras' father-in-law and eminent disciple, Milo of Crotona, was the most famous wrestler of antiquity, winner of six Olympic Games.)

Pythagoras and Theano had seven children, four girls and three boys. After the murder of Pythagoras, Theano took over management of the Academy and one of the daughters, Damo, was entrusted with preserving, and keeping secret, her father's writings.

The Pythagorean Brotherhood was the archetypal Secret Society, whose inner teachings were available only to the initiates. It was a severe and authoritarian discipline. For the first five years of apprenticeship the applicants were not permitted to speak or to ask questions. Their teacher spoke to them from the other side of a curtain. When students, male or female, were initiated into the esoteric inner school, they joined an active dialogue "behind the curtain."

The body of Pythagorean teaching is known through the writings of others. Only two preserved letters are believed to have been directly written by Pythagoras. The wisdom of the initiates was never intended as public knowledge.

It was probably resentment of this elitist discipline of the Brotherhood that led to Pythagoras' murder at 80. The most frequent story goes that the richest, most powerful citizen of Crotona, named Cylon, applied to Pythagoras for discipleship, and was refused for reasons of bad personal character -- specifically, being "of a harsh, violent, turbulent Humor."

Enraged by the rejection, Cylon assembled a small private army. Waiting until a meeting at the disciple Milo's house, Cylo's thugs set the house afire, killing Pythagoras and forty of his disciples. This was in the 4th year of the 70th Olympiad, after Pythagoras had lived in Crotona for 20 years.

Other sources claim Pythagoras' murder was a simple political assassination, owing to the enormous political influence the Brotherhood had acquired in the colonies of Magna Graecia.

Fred H. Moore - History

Fred Moore:
An African-American Leader in Denton

Fred Moore was born Jan. 1, 1875. His mother was Mary Jane Goodall, an African-American whose parents had been slaves. She was called Janie. Because she was born in the time of slavery, she was never taught to read or write. Fred's father was an Indian man who disappeared six months before Fred was born.
It was cold and snowing the night Fred was born. Dr. Owsley, a woman doctor who helped deliver most of the babies in Denton at that time, came to help Janie with her new baby. She also helped Janie name the baby Frederick Douglas after the famous African-American leader.
When Fred was first born, Janie worked for a family in west Denton and she carried her baby with her to work. They made a cradle for the baby to stay in while he was there. She didn't earn much money, but she also was paid in food and clothes for the baby, so she managed to care for Fred.
When Fred was a year old, Janie married Henry Lucien Moore. Henry Moore adopted the baby, so Fred's full name became Frederick Douglas Moore. After their marriage, Janie and Henry Moore moved two miles south of the Owsley home and Janie worked for the Owsleys. Later, they moved to Mill Street where Henry worked at the old Davenport Mill. He lost his job when the mill burned. He then went to work at a brick plant carrying bricks and mortar. After the college that is now the University of North Texas opened, Henry became its first janitor.
Denton was still a frontier town when Fred was little. There were no electric lights. There were only a few streets. Lanterns hung at the street corners to illuminate the crossings.
The Moores lived in a one-room log house with two windows. The kitchen was in a side-room, a practice at those times to keep the heat from cookstoves away from the main living area. The house had a wood plank floor, which Janie kept clean by putting lye in the water when she mopped the floor. They had two very high beds, with mattresses filled with hay or straw.
Outside, the Moores had what was called a clean dirt yard or swept yard, the same kind of yard that most people had then. The grass was scraped away with a hoe, and the ground was swept regularly to keep it free of grass and weeds. They kept ducks, geese, chickens and pigs. Behind the house was an orchard where pear, plum, and peach trees grew, and grapes grew on the fence.
The Moores joined the Methodist Church. Traveling preachers came by horseback or horse and buggy to preach at the church, and they usually stayed at the Moore home while in Denton. Traveling peddlers in covered wagons also came by the house, selling or trading such hard-to-get items as pins, needles, threads, buttons and tobacco.
Fred had chores, such as carrying in the wood for his mother's cookstove, but he also had time to play. He liked to make pictures on the ground using berries, sticks and rocks. He used clay to make figures of people and animals and mixed mud with sticks to make tiny houses.
Fred started to school when he was seven years old. He learned to write so well that by the time he was ten, he was appointed secretary of the Sunday School at his church. He loved school and church. He made good grades in school, and he learned to play many musical instruments. He continued to be active in his church and was elected superintendent of Sunday schools when he was 19. He began collecting books and articles about the Bible and teaching his mother from them.
His schooling ended when he finished the ninth grade. It was time for him to go to work. His first job away from home was at a bank and he later worked at barbershops. Then he began using his musical talents. He organized a 14-piece band that played for events all over the county and he organized a string band that played for white people's dances. His bands became popular and he became known as the Professor. He met his wife, Sadie, when he took his band to Lewisville to play for a Juneteenth picnic and celebration. Fred and Sadie were married in 1902.
Eight years later, Sadie heard about a vacancy in the school for African-Americans in Denton. She convinced Fred that he should turn to education as a profession. He began studying and then passed an examination to earn his teachers certificate. He became principal of the school in 1915, beginning a career in education that spanned 40 years.
He kept studying during those early years, borrowing money to go to summer school. He attended Prairie View State Normal and Industrial College from 1917 to 1921, graduating in 1921. He later attended Fisk University and did graduate work at Columbia University in New York.
As teacher and principal in public school, a Sunday School official and leader in his church and community, Fred Moore influenced generations of students with his philosophy based on the following rules of conduct:

Exercise self-control control tongues, thoughts, temper and actions.
Wees spaarsaam.
Never ridicule or defile the character of another.
Keep your self-respect and help others to keep theirs.
Kindness be kind in thoughts and never despise anyone.
Be kind in speech, never gossip or speak unkindly of others.
Good health is important. Keep yourself clean in body and mind.
Be self-reliant, but listen to the advice of wiser and older people.
Develop independence and wisdom.
Act according to what seems right and fair.
Never fear being laughed at for doing what is right.
Be brave. A coward does not make a good citizen.
Always play fair. Never cheat.
Always treat your opponents with courtesy.

Fred Moore was an honored citizen of Denton for many years. City landmarks such as Fred Moore Park and Fred Moore School were named in his honor. He died Oct. 1, 1953.

*Information for this biography is from the book, Fred Moore, by his wife, Sadie Moore.

Inhoud

On the night of Christmas Eve, a family is settling down to sleep when the father is disturbed by noises on the lawn outside. Looking out the window, he sees Saint Nicholas in a sleigh pulled by eight reindeer. After landing his sleigh on the roof, Saint Nicholas enters the house down the chimney, carrying a sack of toys. The father watches his visitor fill the stockings hanging by the fireplace, and laughs to himself. They share a conspiratorial moment before Saint Nicholas bounds up the chimney again. As he flies away, he wishes a "Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night."

The authorship of A Visit is credited to Clement Clarke Moore who is said to have composed it on a snowy winter's day during a shopping trip on a sleigh. His inspiration for the character of Saint Nicholas was a local Dutch handyman as well as the historic Saint Nicholas. Moore originated many of the features that are still associated with Santa Claus today while borrowing other aspects, such as the use of reindeer. [2] The poem was first published anonymously in the Troy, New York Sentinel on 23 December 1823, having been sent there by a friend of Moore, [1] and was reprinted frequently thereafter with no name attached. It was first attributed in print to Moore in 1837. Moore himself acknowledged authorship when he included it in his own book of poems in 1844. By then, the original publisher and at least seven others had already acknowledged his authorship. [3] [4] Moore had a reputation as an erudite professor and had not wished at first to be connected with the unscholarly verse. He included it in the anthology at the insistence of his children, for whom he had originally written the piece. [3]

Moore's conception of Saint Nicholas was borrowed from his friend Washington Irving, but Moore portrayed his "jolly old elf" as arriving on Christmas Eve rather than Christmas Day. At the time that Moore wrote the poem, Christmas Day was overtaking New Year's Day as the preferred genteel family holiday of the season, but some Protestants viewed Christmas as the result of "Catholic ignorance and deception" [1] and still had reservations. By having Saint Nicholas arrive the night before, Moore "deftly shifted the focus away from Christmas Day with its still-problematic religious associations". As a result, "New Yorkers embraced Moore's child-centered version of Christmas as if they had been doing it all their lives." [1]

In An American Anthology, 1787–1900, editor Edmund Clarence Stedman reprinted the Moore version of the poem, including the Dutch spelling of “Donder” and German spelling of "Blitzen" that he adopted, rather than the version from 1823 "Dunder and Blixem" that is more similar to the old Dutch “Donder en Blixem” that translates to "Thunder and Lightning". [5]

Modern printings frequently incorporate alterations that reflect changing linguistic and cultural sensibilities. Byvoorbeeld, breast in "The moon on the breast of the new-fallen snow" is frequently bowdlerized to helmteken the archaic ere in "But I heard him exclaim ere he drove out of sight" is frequently replaced with as. This change implies that Santa Claus made his exclamation during the moment that he disappeared from view, while the exclamation came before his disappearance in the original. "Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good-night" is frequently rendered with the traditional English locution "Merry Christmas". [ aanhaling nodig ]

Moore's connection with the poem has been questioned by Professor Donald Foster, [6] who used textual content analysis and external evidence to argue that Moore could not have been the author. [7] Foster believes that Major Henry Livingston Jr., a New Yorker with Dutch and Scottish roots, should be considered the chief candidate for authorship, a view long espoused by the Livingston family. Livingston was distantly related to Moore's wife. [7] Foster's claim, however, has been countered by document dealer and historian Seth Kaller, who once owned one of Moore's original manuscripts of the poem. Kaller has offered a point-by-point rebuttal of both Foster's linguistic analysis and external findings, buttressed by the work of autograph expert James Lowe and Dr. Joe Nickell, author of Pen, Ink and Evidence. [3] [8] [9]

Evidence in favor of Moore Edit

On January 20, 1829, Troy editor Orville L. Holley alluded to the author of the Christmas poem, using terms that accurately described Moore as a native and current resident of New York City, and as "a gentleman of meer merit as a scholar and a writer than many of more noisy pretensions". [10] In December 1833, a diary entry by Francis P. Lee, a student at General Theological Seminary when Moore taught there, referred to a holiday figure of St. Nicholas as being "robed in fur, and dressed according to the description of Prof. Moore in his poem". [11] Four poems including A Visit from St. Nicholas appeared under Moore's name in The New-York Book of Poetry, edited by Charles Fenno Hoffman (New York: George Dearborn, 1837). The Christmas poem appears on pp. 217–19, credited to "Clement C. Moore". Moore stated in a letter to the editor of the New York American (published on March 1, 1844) that he "gave the publisher" of The New-York Book of Poetry "several pieces, among which was the 'Visit from St. Nicholas.'" Admitting that he wrote it "not for publication, but to amuse my children," Moore claimed the Christmas poem in this 1844 letter as his "literary property, however small the intrinsic value of that property may be". A Visit from St. Nicholas appears on pp. 124–27 in Moore's volume of collected Poems (New York: Bartlett and Welford, 1844). Before 1844, the poem was included in two 1840 anthologies: attributed to "Clement C. Moore" in Selections from The American Poets, edited by William Cullen Bryant (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1840), pp. 285–86 and to "C. C. Moore" in the first volume of The Poets of America, edited by John Keese (New York: S. Colman, 1840), pp. 102–04. The New-York Historical Society has a later manuscript of the poem in Moore's handwriting, forwarded by T. W. C. Moore along with a cover letter dated March 15, 1862 giving circumstances of the poem's original composition and transmission after a personal "interview" with Clement C. Moore. [12]

Na A Visit from St. Nicholas appeared under Moore's name in the 1837 New-York Book of Poetry, newspaper printings of the poem often credited Moore as the author. For example, the poem is credited to "Professor Moore" in the 25 December 1837 Pennsylvania Inquirer and Daily Courier. Although Moore did not authorize the earliest publication of the poem in the Troy Sentinel, he had close ties to Troy through the Protestant Episcopal Church that could explain how it got there. Harriet Butler of Troy, New York (daughter of the Rev. David Butler) who allegedly showed the poem to Sentinel editor Orville L. Holley, was a family friend of Moore's and possibly a distant relative. [13] A letter to Moore from the publisher Norman Tuttle states, "I understand from Mr. Holley that he received it from Mrs. Sackett, the wife of Mr. Daniel Sackett who was then a merchant in this city". [14] The reported involvement of two women, Harriet Butler and Sarah Sackett, as intermediaries is consistent with the 1862 account of the poem's earliest transmission in which T. W. C. Moore describes two stages of copying, first "by a relative of Dr Moores in her Album" and second, "by a friend of hers, from Troy". [15] Moore preferred to be known for his more scholarly works, but allowed the poem to be included in his anthology in 1844 at the request of his children. By that time, the original publisher and at least seven others had already acknowledged his authorship. Livingston family lore gives credit to their forebear rather than Moore, but Livingston himself ever claimed authorship, [16] nor has any record ever been found of any printing of the poem with Livingston's name attached to it, despite more than 40 years of searches. [ aanhaling nodig ]

Evidence in favor of Livingston Edit

Advocates for Livingston's authorship argue that Moore "tried at first to disavow" the poem. [17] They also posit that Moore falsely claimed to have translated a book. [18] Document dealer and historian Seth Kaller has challenged both claims. Kaller examined the book in question, A Complete Treatise on Merinos and Other Sheep, as well as many letters signed by Moore, and found that the "signature" was not penned by Moore, and thus provides no evidence that Moore made any plagiaristic claim. Kaller's findings were confirmed by autograph expert James Lowe, by Dr. Joe Nickell, the author of Pen, Ink & Evidence, and by others. According to Kaller, Moore's name was likely written on the book by a New-York Historical Society cataloger to indicate that it had been a gift from Moore to the Society. [3] [19] [20]

The following points have been advanced in order to credit the poem to Major Henry Livingston Jr.:

Livingston also wrote poetry primarily using an anapaestic metrical scheme, and it is claimed that some of the phraseology of A Visit is consistent with other poems by Livingston, and that Livingston's poetry is more optimistic than Moore's poetry published in his own name. But Stephen Nissenbaum argues in his Battle for Christmas that the poem could have been a social satire of the Victorianization of Christmas. Furthermore, Kaller claims that Foster cherry-picked only the poems that fit his thesis and that many of Moore's unpublished works have a tenor, phraseology, and meter similar to A Visit. Moore had even written a letter titled "From Saint Nicholas" that may have predated 1823.

Foster also contends that Moore hated tobacco and would, therefore, never have depicted Saint Nicholas with a pipe. However, Kaller notes, the source of evidence for Moore's supposed disapproval of tobacco is The Wine Drinker, another poem by him. In actuality, that verse contradicts such a claim. Moore's The Wine Drinker criticizes self-righteous, hypocritical advocates of temperance who secretly indulge in the substances which they publicly oppose, and supports the social use of tobacco in moderation (as well as wine, and even opium, which was more acceptable in his day than it is now).

Foster also asserts that Livingston's mother was Dutch, which accounts for the references to the Dutch Sinteklaes tradition and the use of the Dutch names "Dunder and Blixem". Against this claim, it is suggested by Kaller that Moore – a friend of writer Washington Irving and member of the same literary society – may have acquired some of his knowledge of New York Dutch traditions from Irving. Irving had written A History of New York in 1809 under the name of "Dietrich Knickerbocker". It includes several references to legends of Saint Nicholas, including the following that bears a close relationship to the poem:

And the sage Oloffe dreamed a dream,‍—‌and lo, the good St. Nicholas came riding over the tops of the trees, in that self-same wagon wherein he brings his yearly presents to children, and he descended hard by where the heroes of Communipaw had made their late repast. And he lit his pipe by the fire, and sat himself down and smoked and as he smoked, the smoke from his pipe ascended into the air and spread like a cloud overhead. And Oloffe bethought him, and he hastened and climbed up to the top of one of the tallest trees, and saw that the smoke spread over a great extent of country and as he considered it more attentively, he fancied that the great volume of smoke assumed a variety of marvelous forms, where in dim obscurity he saw shadowed out palaces and domes and lofty spires, all of which lasted but a moment, and then faded away, until the whole rolled off, and nothing but the green woods were left. And when St. Nicholas had smoked his pipe, he twisted it in his hatband, and laying his finger beside his nose, gave the astonished Van Kortlandt a very significant look then, mounting his wagon, he returned over the tree-tops and disappeared.

MacDonald P. Jackson, Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Auckland, New Zealand and a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand, has spent his entire academic career analyzing authorship attribution. He has written a book titled Who Wrote "The Night Before Christmas"?: Analyzing the Clement Clarke Moore Vs. Henry Livingston Question, [22] published in 2016, in which he evaluates the opposing arguments and, for the first time, uses the author-attribution techniques of modern computational stylistics to examine the long-standing controversy. Jackson employs a range of tests and introduces a new one, statistical analysis of phonemes he concludes that Livingston is the true author of the classic work.

Parts of the poem have been set to music numerous times, including a bowdlerized version (that omitted several verses such as "The moon on the breast of the new fallen snow . etc.". and rewrote and replaced many others such as "the prancing and pawing of each little hoof" with "the clattering noise of each galloping hoof"), by the American composer Ken Darby (1909-1992), [23] [24] whose version was recorded by Fred Waring and the Pennsylvanians three separate times in 1942, [25] [26] 1955, [27] and 1963. [23] The latter 1963 stereo recording for Capitol Records became the most familiar of the poem's musical adaptations. [28] Christmas song-writing specialist Johnny Marks also composed a short version in 1952, titled The Night Before Christmas Song, which has been recorded multiple times, [29] and was used in the soundtrack for the 1964 TV special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, sung by Burl Ives. [30] The poem was also set to music by British child composer Alma Deutscher (b. 2005). [31] In 1953, Perry Como recorded a recitation of the poem for RCA Victor with background music arranged and conducted by Mitchell Ayres.Louis Armstrong recited the poem in a March 1971 recording made only four months before his death. [32] [33] It was recorded at his home in Corona, Queens and released as 45rpm by Continental Records. [34]

The first completely musical rendition, that used the text of the poem in its entirety without material additions or alterations, was the cantata "A Visit from St. Nicholas" composed by Lucian Walter Dressel in 1992 and first performed by the Webster University Orchestra, SATB Soloists, and Chorus. [35] More recent performances of the cantata have been performed by regional orchestras and choruses in Missouri, Illinois and Colorado. [36]

Four hand-written copies of the poem are known to exist and three are in museums, including the New-York Historical Society library. [37] The fourth copy, written out and signed by Clement Clarke Moore as a gift to a friend in 1860, was sold by one private collector to another in December 2006. It was purchased for $280,000 by an unnamed "chief executive officer of a media company" who resides in New York City, according to Dallas, Texas-based Heritage Auctions which brokered the private sale. [38]