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T-90 Main Battle Tank (Rusland)
Die T-90 is nie 'n nuwe tenk nie, maar 'n evolusie van die T-72-ontwerp en bied min voordeel in terme van die tenks wat in die laaste jare van die Sowjetunie in diens is. Aan die begin van die negentigerjare toe die Sowjetunie in duie stort, was daar nog twee tenks in produksie: die T-80U wat ontwikkel is deur die Spetsmash Design Bureau in Leningrad en die T-72B wat deur die Vagonka Design Bureau by die Uralvagon-fabriek in Nizhni Tagil. Die T-80U was die meer gesofistikeerde van die twee met 'n uitstekende vuurbeheerstelsel en 'n gasturbine-enjin. Dit word weerspieël in die prys van die twee tenks, die T-80U word vir $ 2 miljoen vir uitvoer aangebied en die T-72 vir ongeveer $ 1,2 miljoen. Die oplegging van 'verdedigingsgenoegsaamheid' tydens die Gorbatsjof -era en daarna die ineenstorting van die Sowjetunie het 'n katastrofale uitwerking op die Russiese tenkbedryf gehad. Die Russiese Federasie kon nie meer voortgaan met die aankoop van twee tipes hoofgevegtenks nie, maar om een bo die ander te kies, sou katastrofies wees vir die stad wat verlore gaan, en daarom het hulle beide tenks in klein hoeveelhede gekoop. Die twee aanlegte het voortgegaan om tenks te vervaardig in die hoop op verdere bevele van die Russiese leër of 'n groot uitvoerorder. Nizhni Tagil het begin met die opgradering van die T-72B met die derde generasie Kontakt-5 plofbare reaktiewe wapenrusting (wat reeds by die T-80U gevoeg is) wat ontwikkel is deur NII Stali (Scientific Research Institute for Steel). Dit het die T-72BM opgelewer, wat beperkte diens in die Tsjetsjeense konflik gehad het. Alhoewel die T-72 tradisioneel toegerus was met minder gesofistikeerde brandbeheer as die T-80 (soos dit bedoel was vir tweeledige Sowjet-eenhede en politieke bondgenote), het die Vagonka Design Bureau besluit om die T-72 baie meer mededingend te maak teen die T-80 deur die brandbeheerstelsel van die T-80 by te voeg. Die resultaat was die T-72BU, hoewel daar besluit is om die tenk die T-90 te hernoem om dit te distansieer van die T-72A wat swak gevaar het in beide die Golfoorlog en in mindere mate die Tsjetsjeense konflik. Omdat die T-80 'n slegte reputasie gehad het vir 'n hoë brandstofverbruik, 'n kort lewensduur van die enjin en die verliese wat hy in Tsjetsjenië gely het (hoewel dit te wyte was aan swak taktiek en opleiding van die bemanning), is besluit om geleidelik na die T- 90, met die vervaardiging van T-80U's wat 'n geruime tyd voortduur om ekonomiese ontbering te voorkom en uitvoeropdragte te genereer. Die tenk self het 'n verbeterde T-72BM-rewolwer (met 'n NII Stali-weergawe van Chobham-pantser) en Kontakt-5-toepassing. Dit het 'n afgeleide van die T-80U 1A45-brandbeheerstelsel, die 1A45T, wat die nuwe 1V528-1 digitale ballistiese rekenaar insluit. Dit monteer die nuwe 2A46M-1 (of D-81TM) tenkgeweer, soos gebruik deur die T-80, en kan die nuwe generasie tenkgeweerammunisie wat deur die Mechanical Engineering Research Institute in Moskou ontwikkel is, en die AT-11 Sniper afvuur missiel. Die T-90 gebruik 'n aangepaste weergawe van die koepel van die bevelvoerder, en dit is ook gemonteer met die Shtora-1-verdedigingsuite, ontwikkel deur VNII Transmash in St Pertersburg in samewerking met Elers-Elektron in Moskou. Die T-90 bedryf die V-84MS multi-brandstof dieselenjin, wat 'n opgradering van die enjin van die T-72BM is, maar met dieselfde kraglewering (840 pk). Dit beteken dat die T-90 effens stadiger is (sy twee ton swaarder), maar daar is opgraderings beskikbaar, die V-92 (950 pk) en V-96 (1,100 pk) dieselenjins van die Chelyabinsk-enjinfabriek. 'N Verbeterde T-90S is onlangs onthul en aangebied vir uitvoer na potensiële Asiatiese kliënte. Dit beskik oor 'n lugversorgingstelsel, 'n termiese kanonskerm en 'n B-92C2-dieselenjin van 1.000 pk wat die werkverrigting tot 'n maksimum spoed van 65 km/h verhoog. Indië het belang gestel om die T-90 te koop, aangesien Pakistan onlangs 320 T-80UD's van die Oekraïne gekoop het.Romplengte: 6,86 m. Rompbreedte: 3,37 m. Gewig: 46 500 kg (geveg); Hoogte: 2,23 m. Bemanning: 3. Grondvryhoogte: 0.47m. Gronddruk: 0,87 kg/vierkante meter Max spoed: 60 km/h. Maksimum bereik (interne brandstof): 500 km op die pad. Bewapening: 125 mm gladde hoofweer, 1 x 7,62 mm MG koaksiaal, 1 x 12,7 mm lugafweer.
BIBLIOGRAFIEFoss, Christopher. 'Verbeterde T-90S is gerig op die Asiatiese mark' in Jane's Defense Weekly, 31 Mei 2000, bl. 37.
Zaloga, Steven. 'T-90: die standaard van Russiese geskiktheid' in Jane's Intelligence Review, Februarie 1997, pp. 58 - 64.
T -90 Main Battle Tank (Rusland) - Geskiedenis
T-95 is die algemene informele benaming van 'n Russiese tenk van die vierde generasie [2] wat in Uralvagonzavod ontwikkel is voordat dit in Mei 2010 gekanselleer is.
Die projek is die eerste keer in 1995 gerapporteer [ aanhaling nodig ] en in 2000 deur Russiese amptelike bronne aangekondig, maar daar is geen konkrete gegewens bekend gemaak nie. Dit sou in 2009 bekendgestel word, maar is herhaaldelik vertraag. Die Russiese regering het sy betrokkenheid by die projek in Mei 2010 beëindig en alle geld teruggetrek. [3]
Die meeste inligting oor hierdie tenk was spekulatief. Die ontwerp was vermoedelik 'n beduidende afwyking van die tenks van die Sowjet-era wat tans in diens is. In die besonder sou 'n nuwe hidropneumatiese vering met aanpasbare eienskappe verwag word, en die hele bemanning sou blykbaar in 'n geslote kompartement in die romp geplaas word, geïsoleer van ander tenkkomponente. [4]
T-95 was 'n naam wat deur die media aan die tenk gegee is, dit was nie 'n amptelike naam nie. [4] Volgens gepubliseerde bronne het die ontwikkeling van 'n nuwe tenk genaamd "Object 195" begin by die ontwerpkantoor Uralvagonzavod in die vroeë 1990's. [4]
Die prototipe tenk is deur die Russiese minister van verdediging, Igor Sergeyev, in 2000 aangekondig. Op 10 Julie 2008 het die Russiese regering aangekondig dat die Russiese weermag na 2010 nuwe tenks sal begin ontvang wat beter is as die T-90. Die T-90 MBT sal tot 2025 die ruggraat van die gepantserde eenhede wees. T-72's en T-80's sal nie gemoderniseer word nie en sal uiteindelik vervang word deur tenks van 'n nuwe generasie, wat na 2010 in diens sal tree ", 'n nuuskonferensie met Sergei Mayev, hoof van die Federale Diens vir Verdedigingskontrakte. [5]
Op die eerste dag van die Russiese verdedigingsekspo 2010 in Nizhny Tagil, kondig die direkteur van die Federale Diens vir Militêr-Tegniese Samewerking van die Russiese Federasie, Konstantin Biryulin, aan die pers aan dat die Russiese staatsmonopolie Federale Diens vir Verdedigingskontrakte die prototipe onthul nuwe gevegtenk genaamd "Object 195" (T-95) in 'n privaat vertoning aan geselekteerde VIP-gaste, hoewel die tenk nog nie deur joernaliste gesien of deur die deelnemers in die openbaar bevestig is nie. [6]
In Mei 2010 het die adjunkminister van verdediging en bewapeninghoof, Vladimir Popovkin, egter aangekondig dat 'n aantal programme vir die ontwikkeling van nuwe pantser- en artilleriewapens gekanselleer sal word. [7] Die belangrikste slagoffer is die Object 195 -program. Popovkin het gesê die weermag sal eerder fokus op die modernisering van die T-90. [8] [9] Die rede hiervoor was die feit dat die T-95 reeds verouderd was, aangesien dit bykans twee dekades in ontwikkeling was, maar sommige bronne het bespiegel dat dit meer te doen gehad het met die onlangse vermindering van die Russiese weermag begroting, wat aansienlike besnoeiings vereis. [3] [8]
Popovkin bevestig hierdie besluit in 'n onderhoud in Junie 2010, waarin verklaar word dat Rusland nie meer die T-95 sal finansier nie, maar dat Uralvagonzavod moontlik sal voortgaan om aan die tenk te werk sonder steun van die regering. Begin Julie 2010, soos gerapporteer deur "Ural Information Bureau": die Minister van Nywerheid en Wetenskap, Sverdlovsk-streek, het Alexander Petrov gesê dat Uralvagonzavod binnekort 'n T-95-prototipe heeltemal onafhanklik sou finaliseer. Sonder staatsfinansiering of uitvoerpermitte sou die onderneming egter nie kan voortgaan met produksie nie. [10]
Die geboorte van 'n legende
Die T-90 is een van die maklikste herkenbare tenks op die mark. Dit word die 'vlieënde tenk' genoem vanweë sy dinamika en bekwame ophanging wat baie vragte maklik kan ondersteun terwyl die tenk deur rowwe veldryterrein spoed. Die ontwikkeling daarvan, deur die Urals Transport Engineering Design Bureau (UKBTM) aan die einde van die 1980's en vroeë 1990's, was 'n mylpaal in Russies sowel as in wêreldwye tenkbou.
T-90A tenks oefen in Moskou vir die 71ste verjaardagparade van Victory in die Groot Patriotiese Oorlog. (Foto: Spoetnik)
Baie glo dat die T-90 niks anders is as 'n gemoderniseerde T-72B waarop die T-90 gebaseer is nie. Oorspronklik is die T-90 in werklikheid ontwikkel as 'n diepgaande modernisering van sy voorganger, en die spesifikasies het dit selfs 'n 'opgegradeerde T-72B' genoem. Maar dit is in 1992 in gebruik geneem as die T-90, en om 'n rede, aangesien die ontwerpers slegs die algehele afmetings van die bak en die rewolwer en die tenklader gebruik het. Terselfdertyd kan die aantal innovasies en ontwikkelingswerk wat in die T-90 gedoen word, maklik as 'n nuwe gevegsvoertuig geklassifiseer word.
Rusland se T-90A Main Battle Tank: All the Makings of a Killer
Oorspronklik ontwikkel as die uitvoerweergawe van die Russiese T-90 hoofgevegtenk (MBT), wat in 1992 vir die eerste keer in produksie begin is, is die T-90S ook deur die Russiese weermag aangeneem as die T-90A. Hierdie MBT was 'n verdere ontwikkeling van die Sowjet-Rooi Leër se T-72.
Die T-90 is vervaardig deur Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil, Rusland, en het sy oorsprong in die Sowjet-era-program, wat daarop gemik was om 'n nuwe MBT te ontwikkel wat die T-64, T-72 en T-80-reeks kan vervang.
'N Opgedateerde weergawe is ontwikkel vir uitvoer, en vroeg in 2001 het die Indiese weermag 'n kontrak gesluit om 310 van die nuwe T-90S-modelle aan te skaf. Uiteindelik is 124 volledig voltooi in Rusland, terwyl dit volgens Army-Technology afgelewer is in 'n afgeslane vorm vir die byeenkoms in Indië. Die eerste bondel van die gemoderniseerde T-90-tenks het in Januarie 2004 in Indië aangekom en die nuwe model is '8220Bhishma' genoem. Thales van Frankryk en Peleng van Wit -Rusland. 'N Bykomende 1000 T-90S MBT's is ook tot 2020 onder lisensie in Indië vervaardig.
Blykbaar het Moskou gehou van wat dit in die verbeterde T-90-uitvoerweergawe sien, en die model vir sy eie gewapende magte aangeneem. Teen die einde van 2007 is daar beraam dat die Russiese leër ongeveer 200 van die T-90A-weergawes aangeskaf het.
Goed gewapen en gepantser
Die bewapening van die T-90S bevat 'n 125 mm 2A45M gladde kanon wat in twee asse gestabiliseer is en 'n termiese huls het. Hierdeur kan die geweerbuis vervang of herstel word sonder om die binnekant van die rewolwer af te breek. Die hoofgeweer kan 'n verskeidenheid ammunisie afvuur, insluitend APDS (Armor Piercing Discarding Sabot), HEAT (hoë-plofbare anti-tenk) en HE-FRAG (hoë-plofbare fragmentasie), sowel as 9M119 Refleks (NAVO-benaming AT-11 Sniper) anti-tenk geleide missielstelsel. Die missiele het 'n reikafstand van 100 tot 4000 meter. Daarbenewens kan die geweer skrapnel projektiele met tydsekeringe afvuur.
Die T-90S is toegerus met 'n 1A4GT geïntegreerde brandbeheerstelsel (IFCS). Sekondêre wapens bevat 'n masjiengeweer van 7,62 PKT, sowel as 'n 12,7 mm masjiengeweer. Die bemanningslede word ook voorsien van 5.45 mm AKS-74 aanvalsgewere.
Die T-90A pas die bynaam “ gewapende voertuig en die nommer 8221 toe, aangesien dit toegerus is met konvensionele platering en plofbare reaktiewe pantser. Net soos met die Indiese weergawes, is die T-90 toegerus met die Shtora-1-stelsel, wat 'n infrarooi jammer bevat, 'n laserwaarskuwingstelsel met vier laserwaarskuwingsontvangers en 'n granaatafvoerstelsel. Die MBT is ook toegerus met NBC (kern, biologiese, chemiese) beskermings toerusting.
Die oorspronklike T-90 ’-kragbron was 'n V-94 12-silinder dieselmotor wat 840 pk lewer. Die stelsel is opgegradeer na die V-92 12-silinder dieselreeks wat die perdekrag tot 960 verhoog het, terwyl die nuutste T-90's toegerus is met die V-96 12-silinder kragbron, wat 'n massief opgegradeerde 1250 pk lewer. Die maksimum spoed is 40 myl per uur en die tenk het 'n reikafstand van 430 myl.
Terwyl die T-90 meer as 30 jaar gelede ontwikkel is, bly dit 'n veelsydige en bekwame tenk. Dit het homself bewys in talle konflikte in die oorlog van Dagestan, die oorlog in Donbas en die Siriese burgeroorlog. T-90's is selfs in die Nagorno-Karabakh-konflik verlede jaar gebruik, wat bewys dat dit baie geskik is vir die moderne slagveld. Die T-14 Armata-tenk kom egter.
Inhoud
Die T-90 het sy oorsprong in 'n program van die Sowjet-era wat daarop gemik was om 'n enkele plaasvervanger vir die T-64, T-72 en T-80-reeks hoofgevegtenks te ontwikkel. Die T-72-platform is gekies as die basis vir die nuwe generasie tenk vanweë die koste-effektiwiteit, eenvoud en motorkwaliteit daarvan. Die ontwerpburo Kartsev-Venediktov van Nizhny Tagil was verantwoordelik vir die ontwerpwerk en het twee parallelle voorstelle opgestel-die Voorwerp 188, wat 'n relatief eenvoudige opgradering van die bestaande T-72B-tenk was (Voorwerp 184), en die veel meer gevorderde Voorwerp 187-slegs vaag verwant aan die T-72-reeks en bevat groot verbeterings aan die ontwerp van die romp en rewolwer, pantser, kragbron en bewapening. Ontwikkelingswerk is in 1986 goedgekeur en die eerste prototipes is in 1988 voltooi. Die voertuie wat voortspruit uit die Voorwerp 187 program is tot op hede nog nie gedeklassifiseer nie, maar dit was die laer risiko Voorwerp 188 opgradering wat vir reeksproduksie goedgekeur sou word as die T-72BU. [9]
Die T-72BU is op 5 Oktober 1992 amptelik in gebruik geneem deur die Russiese ministerie van verdediging en terselfdertyd herdoop tot die T-90 vir bemarkings- en propaganda-doeleindes wat daarop gemik is om die nuwe tipe van bestaande T-72-variante te distansieer. [10]
Die belangrikste opgradering in die T-90 is die inkorporering van 'n effens aangepaste vorm van die meer gesofistikeerde 1A45T van die T-80U Irtysh brandbeheerstelsel en 'n opgegradeerde V-84MS multi-brandstof enjin wat 830 pk (620 kW) ontwikkel. Die T-90 is vervaardig in die Uralvagonzavod-fabriek in Nizhny Tagil, met 'n lae produksie wat sedert 1993 uitgevoer is en feitlik teen die einde van die negentigerjare vir die inheemse mark gestaak het. Minder as 200 T-90 tenks is by die Russiese grondmagte afgelewer voordat die produksie in 2005 van 'n opgegradeerde weergawe hervat is.
Teen September 1995 is ongeveer 107 T-90 tenks vervaardig in die Siberiese militêre distrik. [11]
Teenoor afnemende binnelandse bestellings en met die permanente sluiting van die laaste gietlyn van die rewolwer in die voormalige USSR, besit deur Azovstal in Mariupol, Oekraïne, [ aanhaling nodig ] die ontwerpers by Uralvagonzavod, saam met kundiges van NII Stali (Scientific Research Institute of Steel) wat proefdata uit die Sowjet-era gebruik het, 'n nuwe, gelaste rewolwer geskep om verdere verbetering aan te bied en buitelandse kopers vir die T-90 te lok. Indië dui op belangstelling in die T-90 in reaksie op die verkryging van Pakistan van 320 Oekraïense T-84 tenks, wat 'n intuïtiewe besluit was, aangesien Indië die regte gehad het om die T-72M1 volledig in Avadi te vervaardig, en die produksie was maklik aangepas om die T- 90.
Die eerste 42 volledige Indiese tenks is in 2001 afgelewer en is aangewys T-90S (Voorwerp 188S), nog steeds toegerus met die ouer gietorings uit die vroeë reeks (dit het die oorblywende voorraad gietorings wat by Nizhny Tagil gestoor is, uitgeput) en aangedryf deur die V-84-enjin wat 840 pk (618 kW) lewer. Dit is volgende jaar opgevolg met aflewering van 82 voertuie, nou toegerus met die nuwe gelaste torings en die V-92S2-enjin, wat 1 000 pk (735 kW) lewer. Die aanvanklike kontrak het die volgende bondel van 186 tenks bepaal - nou amptelik die Bhishma-om in Indië voltooi te word met kits wat deur Rusland verskaf is, en dan geleidelik vervang te word met binnelands vervaardigde onderdele, maar die lae binnelandse produksie in Indië het die Indiese owerhede genoodsaak om in 2007 'n ekstra bestelling vir 124 volledige voertuie vanaf Uralvagonzavod te plaas.
In 2005 hervat die Russiese weermag die aflewering van die T-90, met die versoek om die 'oorspronklike' spesifikasie vir die voertuig met 'n gegote rewolwer. Maar met die nuwe bestelling van maar liefst 14 tenks en die groot kapitaalinvestering wat nodig was om die produksie van nuwe giet torings op te rig, het die Russiese ministerie van verdediging ooreengekom op 'n nuwe opset baie naby die Indiese T-90S, wat vinnig aanvaar is in diens sonder enige proewe as die Voorwerp 188A1 of T-90A. [12] Dieselfde jaar is nog 18 nuwe tenks gelewer - genoeg om ongeveer vyf tenkpeloton toe te rus. Hierdie nuwe Russiese tenks word aangedryf deur die V-92S2-enjin, met 'n T01-K05 Buran-M skutter se sig (passief-aktiewe nagvisiekanaal met 'n EPM-59G Mirage-K matriks en 'n maksimum waarnemingsafstand van 1,800 m) en is beskerm deur die mees onlangse Kontakt-5 reaktiewe pantser met 4S22 plofbare teëls.
In die jare 2006-2007 is elk 31 T-90A tenks gelewer, nou toegerus met 'n heeltemal passiewe ESSA-hoofskutter se toerisme-aantreklikhede deur Peleng in Wit-Rusland, met die tweede generasie termiese kamera Catherine-FC van Thales, asook verbeterde 4S23 ERA teëls. Die gesamentlike onderneming wat op die basis van die JSC Volzhsky Optical and Mechanical Plant "(VOMZ) en Thales Optronics gestig is, het Catherine-FC-termiese beeldapparate vervaardig, wat verder gebruik is om" ESSA "," PLISA "en" SOSNA-U "waarneming te ontwikkel stelsels vervaardig vir die Russiese gepantserde voertuie, insluitend T-72B3 tenks en uitvoer weergawes van T-90S (uitgevoer na Indië, Algerië en Azerbeidjan). . [13]
In 2012 het die Russies vervaardigde bevelvoerder 'n monsternemingstelsel vir toesig gekombineer "T01-K04DT/Agat-MDT" is aan die publiek voorgelê tydens die International Forum Engineering Technologies 2012. Volgens Krasnogorsky Zavod-aanleg het Agat-MDT die vermoë om die nuut ontwikkelde binnelandse UPF-formaat 640 × 512 by 15 mikron voor die oë te installeer (vir verdere modernisering). in die toekoms moontlik om die omvang van die teikenidentifikasie in die nag uit te brei tot 3,5 - 4,0 km sonder om die sig te verander. [14]
In 2016 het die Krasnogorsk -aanleg die Irbis-K nagvisiestelsel vir die T-80U en T-90, met die eerste aflewerings wat vir 2017 beplan word. Voltooiing van die Irbis-K, die eerste Russies geproduseerde kwik-kadmium-telluride (MCT) matriese termiese sig, het 'n nadeel van Russiese tenks relatief tot hul Westerse eweknieë. Die Irbis-K is in staat om teikens op 'n afstand tot 3,240 meter gedurende dag en nag te identifiseer. [15]
Die Russies vervaardigde termiese beeldapparaat het nie net beteken dat Russiese tenks nie meer met buitelandse onderdele toegerus hoef te word nie, maar dit beteken ook dat volledige tenkmodernisering goedkoper was. Die hittevisie Irbis-K van die nuwe tenkskutter en die gekombineerde waarnemings- en waarnemingstelsel Agat-MDT van die bevelvoerder kan voorsien word in die opgegradeerde weergawe T-90 (T-90M), wat die ESSA-stelsel vervang deur Catherine-FC-termiese beeldmateriaal van Thales.
In 2007 was daar ongeveer 334 T-90 tenks van verskillende soorte wat in die 5de Guards Tank Division van die Russiese grondmagte gedien het, gestasioneer in die Siberiese militêre distrik, en sewe T-90 tenks wat aan die mariniers toegewys was. [16] Sedert 2008 het die Russiese weermag jaarliks 62 tenks ontvang en bevele in 2011 opgeskort.
Rusland ontwikkel die nuwe Armata Universal Combat Platform (ook bekend as die T-14 Armata) om teen 2016 gereed te wees vir gebruik [ benodig opdatering ]. Daar sal na verwagting 'n kragtiger enjin, verbeterde wapenrusting, hoofgeweer en motorlaaier gebruik word, met ammunisie -berging geskei van die bemanning. [17]
Aflewerings van opgegradeerde T-90M tenks het in April 2020 begin aan die Guards Tank Army van die RF Western Military District. Die T-90M 'Proryv' het 'n hoofsaaklik nuwe rewolwer, die 2A46M-5-geweer en 'n kragtiger enjin gekry. Die Proryv is toegerus met 'n nuwe meerkanaals waarnemingstelsel waarmee wapens op enige tyd van die dag of nag gebruik kan word, en dit kan intyds data met ander voertuie uitruil. [18] 'n Nuwe bondel is in Maart 2021 afgelewer. [19]
'N Vroeë variant van die uitvoergerigte T-90S het na bewering gevegsoptrede tydens die Tsjetsjeniese inval van Dagestan in 1999 plaasgevind in plaas daarvan om aan Indië afgelewer te word. Volgens Verdedigingsopdrag van Moskou, een voertuig is deur sewe RPG-tenk-vuurpyle getref, maar bly in aksie. Die tydskrif het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die opgegradeerde T-90 met gewone toerusting die beste beskermde Russiese tenk blyk te wees, veral met die implementering van Shtora-1 en Arena verdedigingstelsels. [18]
Tydens die oorlog in Donbas in die somer van 2014, is elemente van die Russiese 136ste Guards Motor Rifle Brigade toegerus met T-90A tenks wat operasies in die Luhansk Oblast van die Oekraïne uitvoer, geïdentifiseer in poste op sosiale media, en die ligging van hul foto's is georeferent deur open-source ondersoekers. [20] [21]
Die T-90A is in 2015 na Sirië ontplooi om die Russiese betrokkenheid by die Siriese burgeroorlog te ondersteun. [22] Begin Februarie 2016 het die Siriese leërmagte T-90A's in gevegte begin gebruik. [ aanhaling nodig ] Eind Februarie is 'n video op die internet gelek wat wys hoe 'n T-90 'n direkte frontale rewolwer wat deur 'n TOW-missiel in Aleppo getref is, oorleef. [23]
Op 15 September 2020 is 'n Russiese T-90 per ongeluk deur 'n teen-tenk geleide missiel getref tydens oefeninge wat in die Astrakhan-gebied in Rusland gehou is en die voertuig ernstig beskadig het. [24]
Azerbeidjan het hul T-90S tenks gebruik tydens die Nagorno-Karabakh-konflik in 2020. Een T-90 is beskadig en deur Armeense magte gevang. [25] [26]
Indië Redigeer
In 2001 het Indië 310 T-90S tenks van Rusland gekoop, waarvan 124 volledig afgelewer is (42 met die vroeë gegote torings wat op Russiese tenks verskyn het) en 186 moes saamgestel word uit kits wat in verskillende stadiums van voltooiing afgelewer is, met die klem op verskuiwing produksie tot huishoudelike middele. Die T-90 is gekies omdat dit 'n direkte ontwikkeling van die T-72 is wat Indië reeds vervaardig met 60% onderdele wat T-90 gemeen het, wat opleiding en onderhoud vergemaklik. Indië het gekies om die T-90 aan te skaf in reaksie op talle vertragings in die vervaardiging van sy eie binnenshuise Arjun-hoofstrydtenk, en om die Pakistaanse ontplooiing van die Oekraïens gemaakte T-80 tenks in 1995–1997 teen te werk.
Hierdie T-90S tenks is vervaardig deur Uralvagonzavod en die enjins is deur Chelyabinsk trekkerfabriek afgelewer. Die Indiese tenks laat die Shtora-1-passiewe elektroniese teenmaatreëlstelsel egter toe, wat as verouderd beskou is.
'N Opvolgkontrak ter waarde van $ 800 miljoen is op 26 Oktober 2006 onderteken vir nog 330 T-90S "Bhishma" MBT's wat in Indië deur Heavy Vehicles Factory in Avadi, Tamil Nadu, vervaardig sou word.
Die T-90S Bhishma (vernoem na die voogkryger in die Mahabharata) is 'n voertuig wat op maat gemaak is vir die Indiese diens, verbeterend op die T-90S, en ontwikkel is met hulp van Rusland en Frankryk. Die tenks is toegerus met die Franse Thales-geboude Catherine-FC termiese besienswaardighede, [27] en gebruik Russiese Kontakt-5 K-5 plofbare reaktiewe gepantserde plate. [28] en Kontakt-5 ERA, benewens die primêre wapenrusting wat bestaan uit gelamineerde plate en keramieklae met hoë trekseienskappe. Die nuwe gelaste torings wat eers vir die Indiese T-90S Bhishma ontwikkel is, het meer gevorderde wapenbeskerming as die vroeë gegote torings.
In April 2008 het die Indiese weermag 'n versoek om voorstel aan Rafael, BAE Systems, Raytheon, Rosoboronexport, Saab en IBD Deisenroth Engineering gestuur vir 'n aktiewe beskermingstelsel vir die T-90S Bhishma. [29] Die kontrak sal na verwagting $ 270 miljoen werd wees. Saab se LEDS-150 het die kontrak in Januarie 2009 gewen. [30]
'N Derde kontrak ter waarde van $ 1,23 miljard is in Desember 2007 onderteken vir 347 opgegradeerde T-90M's, waarvan die grootste deel deur HVF gelisensieer sal word. Die weermag hoop om 'n mag van meer as 21 regimente T-90 tenks en 40 regimente aangepaste T-72's in te stel. Die Indiese weermag sou teen die einde van 2009. sy eerste T-90M-hoofgevegtenk ontvang in 'n heeltemal neergeslaan toestand van die NZJNY Tagil-gebaseerde Uralvagonzavod JSC in 2009. [31] [32]
Die T-90M beskik oor die 'Kaktus K-6' pakket met geboute plofbare reaktiewe wapenrusting (ERA) op die voorste romp en torentop (die T-90S het 'Kontakt-5' ERA), is toegerus met 'n verbeterde omgewingsbeheerstelsel verskaf deur Israel's Kinetics Ltd vir die verskaffing van afgekoelde lug in die gevegsruimte, het 'n ekstra interne volume vir die behuising van die kryogene verkoelingstelsels vir nuwe generasie termiese beeldmakers, soos die THALES-geboude Catherine-FC termiese beeldmotor (werkend in die bandbreedte van 8-12 mikrometer) . [31] In totaal beplan Indië om teen 2020 2080 T-90 tenks in diens te hê.
Die eerste groep van 10 lisensies wat T-90M gebou het, is op 24 Augustus 2009. In die Indiese weermag opgeneem. Hierdie voertuie is by die Heavy Vehicles Factory in Avadi, Tamil Nadu, gebou.
'N Koop van $ 10 miljard (US $ 1,4 miljard) van 354 nuwe T-90SM tenks vir ses tenkregimente vir die grens met China is in 2012 goedgekeur [33], wat die totale aantal T-90 tenks in die voorraad van die Indiese weermag na 2011 sal neem en met 'n totaal van byna 4500 tenks (T-90 en variante, T-72 en Arjun MBT) in aktiewe diens, die wêreld se derde grootste tenkoperateur.
Indië beplan om teen 2020 21 tenkregimente T-90's te hê, met 45 gevegtenks en 17 opleidings- en vervangingstenks per regiment, elk vir altesaam 62. [34]
Op 17 September 2013 het die Indiese ministerie van verdediging die vervaardiging van 235 T-90S tenks onder Russiese lisensie goedgekeur vir $ 1 miljard. [35]
Op 11 November 2019 het Indië aangekondig dat Heavy Vehicles Factory 464 T-90S MBT's sal vervaardig. [36]
Ander Edit
In 2005 begin aflewerings vir 'n aanvanklike bestelling van 185 tenks vir Algerië. Dit staan bekend as die T-90SA ("A" is 'n akroniem vir Algerië).
Die Cyprus House Defense Committee het in Januarie 2009 fondse goedgekeur vir die aankoop van 41 Russies-geboude T-90 tenks. Die geld is ingesluit as deel van die 2009 -verdedigingsbegroting. Ciprus bedryf reeds die Russies vervaardigde T-80 tenk. [37] In Maart 2010 is berig dat Ciprus gekies het vir 41 ekstra T-80's in plaas van om T-90's te koop. [38]
Anonieme Venezolaanse verdedigingsbronne het gesê dat president Hugo Chavez "sy verouderde AMX-30 hoofgeitenks wil vervang met tussen 50 en 100 T-90 hoofgevegtenks wat deur Rusland gebou is", volgens 'n artikel van die ontleder Jack Sweeney in Oktober 2008. [39] In September 2009 is 'n ooreenkoms slegs vir 92 T-72's aangekondig. [40] Saoedi -Arabië is in Julie 2008 deur die Russiese dagblad aangemeld Kommersant onderhandel om 150 T-90 tenks te koop. [41] Die Libanese minister van verdediging, Elias El Murr, het in Desember 2008 met die Russiese minister van verdediging, Anatoly Serdyukov, vergader toe hulle die moontlikheid bespreek het van die oordrag van militêre toerusting, insluitend T-90 tenks. [42] [43]
In Februarie 2010 is 'n wapenooreenkoms tussen Libië en Rusland onderteken. Besonderhede oor die verkoop is nie onmiddellik bekend gemaak nie, maar 'n Russiese diplomaat verklaar dat Libië 20 vegvliegtuie, lugverdedigingstelsels wou hê en ook 'n paar dosyn T-90's sou wou koop en nog 140 T-72's sou moderniseer. Na die bekamping van Libië teen betogers teen die regering vroeg in 2011, het die Verenigde Nasies egter 'n internasionale wapenembargo op Libië ingestel wat die kansellasie van Russiese wapentransaksies tot gevolg gehad het. [44] [45]
In April 2013 versoek Rosoboronexport vir die toelating van die T-90S in 'n komende tender deur die Peruaanse weermag vir hoofgevegtenks. [46] Peru wou tussen 120 en 170 tenks aanskaf om sy verouderde T-55 tenks te vervang. Die T-90 is getoets teen die M1A1 Abrams uit die Verenigde State, die Leopard 2A4 wat deur die Spaanse weermag aangebied is, Leopard 2A6's wat voorheen deur die Nederlandse weermag bedryf is, en T-64's en T-84's wat deur die Oekraïne aangebied is. Teen September 2013 het slegs die T-90S, die Russiese T-80, die Oekraïense T-84 en die Amerikaanse M1A1 steeds meegeding. [47] Op 19 September 2013 is 'n T-90S gedemonstreer aan die opperbevelhebber van die Peruaanse landmagte en 300 offisiere. Gedurende die dag is die tenk se gevegs- en hardloopvermoëns getoon. In die nag is die akkuraatheid van alle wapens op verskillende vlakke tydens stilstand en onderweg getoon onder beperkte sigbaarheid en bergagtige terreinomstandighede. 'N Peruaanse T-55-bestuurder is vir 5 minute ingelig oor die kontroles, en kon daarna die T-90S beweeg en bestuur, wat die gemeenskaplikheid van die twee voertuie aantoon. [48] Rusland dring aan op die verkoop van 110 T-90S tenks. [49] [ benodig opdatering ]
Na verneem word, wil die People's Army of Vietnam die T-90MS koop om sy militêre vermoëns in pas met sy bure te hou. [50] Viëtnam en Irak het kontrakte geteken vir ten minste 150 T-90S/SK tenks in 2016. [51]
In Desember 2015 het die bevelvoerder van die Iraanse leër se grondmagte gesê dat Iran beplan om Russies-ontwikkelde T-90 tenks te koop, aangesien die VN-sanksies wat die Iraanse weermag geteiken het, opgehef word. [ aanhaling nodig ] Twee maande later het Iran egter aangekondig dat hy nie meer geïnteresseerd was om die T-90 van Rusland te koop nie, maar besluit om 'n soortgelyke model in die binneland, die 'Karrar', te ontwikkel. In Julie 2016 het die Iraanse media 'n kort snit gewys wat verwys na 'n nuwe tenk in die binneland, genaamd "Karrar", wat soortgelyk was aan T-90MS. [52]
Bewapening Redigeer
Die hoofbewapening van die T-90 is die 2A46M 125 mm tenkgeweer wat glad is. Dit is 'n hoogs aangepaste weergawe van die Sprut-tenkgeweer, en is dieselfde geweer as die hoofwapen op die tenks van die T-80-reeks. Dit kan vervang word sonder om die binneste rewolwer af te breek en kan wapens-deurboor-vin-gestabiliseerde wegwerpsabot (APFSDS), hoë-plofbare anti-tenk (HEAT-FS) en hoë plofbare fragmentasie (HE-FRAG) ammunisie afvuur, soos sowel as 9M119M Refleks-tenks geleide missiele. Die Refleks-missiel het semi-outomatiese laserstraal-begeleiding en 'n tandem-holte HEAT-kop. Dit het 'n effektiewe reikafstand van 100 m tot 6 km, en dit neem 17,5 sekondes om die maksimum bereik te bereik. Refleks kan ongeveer 950 millimeter (37 in) staalwapens binnedring en kan ook lae vliegdoelwitte soos helikopters betrek. [53]
Die NSV 12,7 mm (12,7 × 108) afstandbeheerde swaar masjiengeweer kan van binne die tenk deur die bevelvoerder bestuur word en het 'n reikafstand van 2 km en 'n sikliese vuurtempo van 700-800 rondes per minuut met 300 rondes beskikbaar (die NSV is in die laat negentigerjare vervang deur die Kord -swaar masjiengeweer). Die PKMT 7,62 mm (7,62 × 54 mmR) koaksiale masjiengeweer weeg ongeveer 10,5 kg, terwyl die ammunisiekas 250 rondes (7 000 rondes gedra) dra en 'n ekstra 9,5 kg weeg. [53]
Net soos ander moderne Russiese tenks, word die 2A46M in die T-90 gevoed deur 'n outomatiese laaier wat die behoefte aan 'n handlader in die tenk verwyder en die bemanning tot 3 (bevelvoerder, kanonnier en bestuurder) verminder. Die motorlaaier kan 22 gereed-vir-vuur-rondtes in sy karusel dra en kan 'n rondte in 5-8 sekondes laai. [53] Daar word voorgestel dat die outomatiese laaiers op moderne T-90 tenks aangepas is om voordeel te trek uit nuwer ammunisie, soos die 3BM-44M APFSDS, wat net soos die Amerikaanse M829A3 beter in die wapenrusting dring as die vorige korter rondes. HEAT-rondes wat van die 2A46M afgevuur kan word, sluit in die 3BK21B (met 'n uitgeputte uraanvoering), 3BK29 (met 'n toegeskrewe penetrasie van 800 mm RHA-ekwivalensie) en die 3BK29M (met 'n drie-tandem-ladingkop). Additionally the T-90 features the Ainet fuse setting system which allows the tank to detonate 3OF26 HE-FRAG rounds at a specific distance from the tank as determined by the gunners laser rangefinder, improving its performance against helicopters and infantry. [54] Accurate firing range of the HE-Frag-FS 10 km, APFSDS 4 km. [55]
Fire-control system of the T-90 showed the following features of combat shooting during state testing. Heavily armoured targets at ranges of up to 5 km were hit by tank T-90 on the move (up to 30 km/h) with a high probability of hit with the first shot. During state testing made 24 launches of missiles at ranges of 4–5 km and they all hit the target (all missile launches were made by inexperienced professionals). An experienced gunner at speeds of 25 km/h hit 7 real armoured targets located at ranges of 1,500–2,500 m and 54sec. [56] [57]
Fire-control system on the T-90 includes the PNK-4S/SR AGAT day and night sighting system mounted at the commanders station which allows for night time detection of a tank sized target at ranges between 700 and 1100 metres depending on the version of the sight. Early models of the T-90 were equipped with the TO1-KO1 BURAN sight but later models (T-90S) were upgraded to use the ESSA thermal imaging sight, which allows for accurate firing to a range of 5,000–8,000m using the CATHERINE-FC thermal camera produced by Thales Optronique. The gunner is also provided with the 1G46 day sighting system which includes a laser range finder, missile guidance channel and allows tank-sized targets to be detected and engaged at 5 to 8 kilometres (3.1 to 5.0 mi). The driver uses a TVN-5 day and night sight. [53] In 2010, Russia started licensed production of Thales-developed Catherine FC thermal imaging cameras for T-90M tanks, a Russian daily said. [58] These thermal imagers are also present on T-90M "Bhishma" built in India under licence. [31]
In 2012, the Russian-made combined sample of commander supervisory-sighting system T01-K04DT/Agat-MDT was presented to the public. According to Krasnogorsky Zavod (plant), Agat-MDT has the ability to be installed (for further modernization) in the sight of the newly developed domestic UPF format 640×512 by 15 microns, which is possible in the future to extend the range of target identification at night to 3.5 — 4.0 km without sight modifications. [14] In 2016, the Krasnogorsk plant finished testing the Irbis-K night-vision gunner's sighting system for the T-80U and T-90, with first deliveries in 2018. [59] Completion of the Irbis-K, the first Russian-produced mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) matrix thermal sight, will bridge a gap with the leading NATO countries in this area. The Irbis-K is capable of identifying targets at ranges up to 3,240 meters during both day and night. [15]
The Russian-made thermal imaging device not only meant that Russian tanks would no longer need to be equipped with foreign parts, but it also meant that complete tank modernization was cheaper. Furthermore, there will be no decrease in demand for the T-72 and the T-90 in the next few years. The new tank gunner’s heat-vision sight Irbis-K and the commander’s combined sighting and observation system Agat-MDT can be supplied to T-72, T-80 and T-90 upgraded versions (T-72B3M, T-80BVM, T-90M. ), replacing Catherine-FC thermal camera from Thales.
Fire control and observation
The T-90S uses the 1A4GT integrated fire control system (IFCS), which is automatic but features a manual override for the commander. The IFCS contains the gunner’s 1A43 day fire control system, gunner’s TO1-KO1 thermal imaging sight with a target identification range of 1.2km to 1.5km and commander’s PNK-S sight.
A 1G46 day sight / rangefinder with missile guidance channel, 2E42-4 armament stabiliser, 1V528 ballistic computer and DVE-BS wind gauge comprise the gunner’s 1A43 day FCS.
A TKN-4S (Agat-S) day / night sight, which has identification ranges of 800m (day) and 700m (night) are included in the commander’s PNK 4S sight.
The driver is equipped with a TVN-5 infrared night viewer.
A Tank for All Seasons: The Russian T-90MS
The T-90MS’ export focus brings into perspective some of its more controversial design choices.
Here's What You Need To Remember: Clients are already lining up to buy the improved tank, notably armed forces in the Middle East (including Egypt and Kuwait).
Earlier this week, Russian arms manufacturer Uralvagonzavod (UVZ) released a video of their T-90MS battle tank in action.
The footage, aired by the official channel of the Russian Ministry of Defense, depicts some highlights from the T-90MS’ most recent exercise.
The tank moves at high speeds past a grassy plain, before discharging its 125mm cannon with what appears to be good effect on target (GEOT) the clip ends with the T-90MS making its way down an unpaved road.
In a rarity for these types of demonstration videos, the clip is interspersed with technical footage from inside the tank.
The first fifteen seconds capture the targeting module at work, while the latter half shows the gunner operating the tank’s digitized onboard controls.
Why would UVZ go out of their way to highlight the tank’s inner workings? Consider the context.
The T-90MS is a modernized export version of the T-90 main battle tank, Russia’s staple heavy armor solution from the early 1990’s through 2011. Whereas arms exercise footage is typically intended for domestic consumption, UVZ was trying to reach an altogether different audience: foreign buyers.
Thus, the video aims less for entertainment value and more to demonstrate the T-90MS’ technical capabilities to foreign military experts. Footage of the T-90MS’ four, 360° view cameras is hardly exciting for general audiences, but conveys crucial purchasing information to importers.
The T-90MS will be shown next week at IDEX-2019, the largest arms exhibition in the Middle East. To date, Rosoboronexport-- Russia’s arms export agency-- is on the verge of finalizing T-90MS orders with major clients including Egypt and Kuwait. With several contracts nearing completion, the Russians are looking to double down on the T-90MS’ success at IDEX-2019: “There have been many delegations that have gone through pre-contract motions. This tank is potentially our export leader,” gesê UVZ chief Alexei Zharich.
The T-90MS is also the successor to the T-90’s prior export variant, the T-90S, offering several key iterative improvements. The T-90MS boasts a slightly more powerful 1,130 horsepower V-92S2F diesel engine, improved 3,500-meter thermal imager, digital computer for monitoring topographical conditions, GLONASS navigation integration, and a revised turret bustle. Among the most impactful changes is the inclusion of modular explosive reactive armor (ERA) panels for increased protection against certain kinds of explosive blasts.
The T-90MS’ export focus also brings into perspective some of its more controversial design choices. In a decision likely taken to suppress manufacturing costs, the UVZ has opted to arm the MS with a variant of the Soviet 2A46 smoothbore cannon found on the original T-90, rather than the newer 2A82-1M found on the recent T-90M and Russia’s upcoming, next-generation Armata tank.
Despite these active measures to maintain market competitiveness, the T-90MS will still come in at 4.5 million dollars per unit, a steep increase over the 2.5-3.5 million dollars per unit of its T-90S predecessor. To capture as many segments of the heavy armor market as possible, the Russians will continue offering the T-90S and even the original T-90. Both are still perfectly viable options in medium and low-intensity conflicts, and bly in aanvraag across the world.
T-90 Tank
The T-90 is considered a modern unit, with only the elite Kantemirovskaya and Tamanskaya tank divisions equipped by 2010. Derived from the T-72, the GPO Uralvagonzavod T-90 main battle tank is the most modern tank in the army arsenal. The successor to T-72BM, the T-90 uses the gun and 1G46 gunner sights from T-80U, a new engine, and thermal sights. Protective measures include Kontakt-5 ERA, laser warning receivers, and the SHTORA infrared ATGM jamming system.
The price of a T-90 main battle tank (MBT), manufactured by Russia’s Uralvagonzavod plant is $4-7 million, while the price of a T-72 model is $1-2 million. A Russian tank battalion comprises 31 tanks. In 2008 Uralvagonzavod produced a total of 165 T-90 tanks. Over half of the vehicles were exported, and the remaining tanks replaced some of the T-72s in the Russian Armed Forces.
By 1992 the Russian Defense Ministry announced that it could no longer afford to manufacture two MBTs in parallel. Since both the “quality” T-80U and the cheaper “quantity” T-72B were each being built at one plant, and each plant was critical to the economy of the city it was in, the Government gave small orders to both. Omsk built five T-80Us and Nizhni Tagil 15 T-72s, and both built more against the hope of winning large export orders. Nizhni Tagil had built a few T-72BMs, T-72Bs upgraded with a third generation add-on Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA) called Kontakt-5, which was already in service on T-80U.
To further improve the T-72’s export prospects and its chances of being selected as Russia’s sole production MBT, the T-80U’s more sophisticated fire control system was also added to produce a vehicle designated T-72BU. Finally, since worldwide news coverage during Desert Storm had firmly established the image of the T-72 as a burning Iraqi tank, the new model was renamed T-90.
The Russian Defense Ministry made a selection of a single MBT in 1995. The fighting in Grozny had been shown around the world and the reputation of Russian tanks was sullied. Although many casualties were due to bad tactics and many T-72s were also lost, it was the knocked-out T-80s which made an impression. More had been expected of the “quality” M-80 MBT. This is alleged to have tipped the balance against the T-80 in the selection. The T-80 was already more expensive and its delicate, fuel-hungry turbine engine was still giving problems. In January 1996, Col.-Gen. Aleksandr Galkin, Chief of the Main Armor Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, announced that the T-90 had been selected as the sole Russian MBT.
The T-90 went into low-level production in 1993, based on a prototype designated as the T-88. The T-90 was developed by the Kartsev-Venediktov Design Bureau at the Vagonka Works in Nizhniy Tagil. Initially thought by Western observers to be an entirely new design, the production model is in fact based on the T-72BM, with some added features from the T-80 series. The T-90 features a new generation of armor on its hull and turret. Two variants, the T-90S and T-90E, have been identified as possible export models. Plans called for all earlier models to be replaced with T-90s by the end of 1997, subject to funding availability. By mid-1996 some 107 T-90s had gone into service in the Far Eastern Military District.
Of conventional layout, the T-90 represents a major upgrade to every system in the T-72, including the main gun. The T-90 is an interim solution, pending the introduction of the new Nizhny Tagil MBT which has been delayed due to lack of funding. Produced primarily mainly due to its lower cost, the T-90 it will probably remain in low-rate production to keep production lines open until newer designs become available. Several hundred of these tanks have been produced, with various estimates suggesting that between 100 and 300 are in service, primarily in the Far East.
The T-90 retains the 125-mm 2A46-series main gun of the T-72 and T-80 which is capable of firing APDS, HEAT and HE-FRAG projectiles as well as time-fuzed shrapnel projectiles.
The Refleks 9M119 AT-11 SNIPER laser-guided missile with a hollow-charge warhead is effective against both armored targets and low-flying helicopters. The missile, which can penetrate 700-mm of RHAe out to 4000 meters, gives the T-90 the ability to engage other vehicles and helicopters before they can engage the T-90. The computerised fire control system and laser range-finder, coupled with the new Agave gunner’s thermal sight, permit the T-90 to engage targets while on the move and at night. However, this first generation system is probably not as capable as current Western counterpart systems. The tank is fitted with precision laying equipment and an automatic loader to guarantee a high rate of gun fire. Secondary armament includes a coaxial 7.62mm PKT machine gun and 12.7mm machine gun mount to for air and ground targets.
The T-90 features the low silhouette of the earlier Russian tanks, with a low rounded turret centered on the hull, and is fitted with combined passive and active defenses which make the T-90 one of the best protected main battle tanks in the world. The glacis is covered by second generation explosive reactive armor [ERA] bricks, as is the turret. This ERA gives the turret an angled appearance, with the ERA bricks forming a “clam shell” appearance. ERA bricks on the turret roof provide protection from top-attack weapons.
The T-90 is equipped with the TShU-1-7 Shtora-1 optronic counter measures system which is designed to disrupt the laser target designation and rangefinders of incoming ATGM. The T-90 is also equipped with a laser warning package that warns the tank crew when it is being lased. Shtora-1 is an electro-optical jammer that jams the enemy’s semiautomatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) antitank guided missiles, laser rangefinders and target designators. Shtora-1 is actually a soft kill, or countermeasures system. It is most effective when used in tandem with a hard kill system such as the Arena.
During the International Defense Exposition (IDEX) held in Abu Dhabi in 1995, the system was shown fitted to a Russian MBT. The first known application of the system is the Russian T-90 MBT that entered service in the Russian Army in 1993. Shtora-1 is currently installed on the T-80UK, T-80U, T-84 and T-90 MBTs.
The Shtora-1 system comprises four key components, the electro-optical interface station, which includes a jammer, modulator, and control panel a bank of forward-firing grenade dischargers mounted on either side of the turret that are capable of firing grenades dispensing an aerosol screen a laser warning system with precision and coarse heads and a control system comprising control panel, microprocessor, and manual screen-laying panel. This processes the information from the sensors and activates the aerosol screen-laying system. Two infrared lights, one on each side of the main gun, continuously emit coded pulsed infrared jamming when an incoming ATGM has been detected. Shtora-1 has a field of view of 360-degrees horizontally and -5 to +25-degrees in elevation. It contains 12 aerosol screen launchers and weighs 400kg. The screening aerosol takes less than 3 seconds to form and lasts about 20 seconds. The screen laying range is between 50-70 meters.
The T-90 is powered by the V-84MS 618 kW (840 hp) four-stroke V-12 piston multi-fuel diesel engine, which can also run on T-2, TS-1 kerosene and A-72 benzine. This engine results in a power to weight ratio of only 18.06 hp/ton, considerably less than that of the T-80. The tank crew can prepare fording equipment within 20 minutes to negotiate 5 meter deep water obstacles. The tank is also fitted with the NBC protection system and mounted mineclearing equipment.
T-90 – The first production version.
T-90K – Commander’s version of the T-90, with additional communication (station R-163-50K) and navigation equipment (TNA-4-3).
T-90E – Export version of T-90 MBT.
T-90A – Russian army version with welded turret, V-92S2 engine and ESSA thermal viewer. Sometimes called T-90 Vladimir.
T-90S – Export version of the T-90A. These tanks were made by Uralvagonzavod and were updated with 1,000 hp (750 kW) engines made by Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. These tanks however do not feature the Shtora-1 passive/active protection system. Sometimes called T-90C (Cyrillic letter es looks like a Latin c). These tanks are found with two different turret armour arrays.
T-90SK – Commander’s version of the T-90S, with additional communication and navigation equipment. It differs in radio and navigation equipment and Ainet remote-detonation system for HEF rounds.
T-90S “Bhishma” – modified T-90S in Indian service.
T-90AM – Latest version of the T-90A. The main features include the modernization of the old turret design, which is equipped with a new advanced fire control system “Kalina” (with integrated combat information and control systems), a new automatic loader and a new upgraded gun 2A46M-5, as well as a remote-controlled anti-aircraft gun “UDP T05BV-1”. The new version also includes the Relikt active protection system instead of the Kontakt-5 active protection system. Other improvements include a new 1,250 PS (920 kW) engine, an enhanced environmental control system and satellite navigation systems.
T-90SM – New modernized (M) version of the export tank T-90S, with a 1130HP engine, a PNM Sosna-U gunner view, a 7.62mm turret UDP T05BV-1 RWS, GLONASS, inertial navigation systems and explosive reactive armour (ERA).
T-90 Main Battle Tank (Russia) - History
The T-90S is the latest development in the T-series of Russian tanks and represents an increase in firepower, mobility and protection. It is manufactured by the Uralvagonzavod Plant in Nizhniy Tagil (Potkin's bureau) of the Russian Federation.
The T-90S is in service with the Russian Army and the Indian Army. In February 2001, the Indian Army signed a contract for 310 T-90S tanks. 124 were completed in Russia and the rest are being delivered in "knocked down/semi-knocked down" form for final assembly in India. The first of these was delivered in January 2004. The locally-assembled tanks are christened "Bhishma". The tanks are fitted with the Shtora self-protection system and thermal imagers from Thales of France and Peleng of Belarus.
In January 2005, it was announced that a further 91 T-90S tanks would be procured for the Russian Army. 31 are due to be delivered in 2006.
In March 2006, Algeria signed a contract for the supply of 180 T-90S tanks from Uralvagonzavod, to be delivered by 2011.
In November 2006, India ordered a further 300 T-90 tanks, to be licence-built by Heavy Vehicle Factory (HVF), Avadi. Deliveries are to begin in 2008.
Derived from the T-72, the GPO Uralvagonzavod T-90 main battle tank is the most modern tank in the Russian Army's arsenal. The successor to T-72BM, the T-90 uses the gun and 1G46 gunner sights from T-80U, a new engine, and thermal sights. Protective measures include Kontakt-5 ERA, laser warning receivers, and the SHTORA infrared ATGM jamming system.
Kontakt-5 is a Russian type of third-generation explosive reactive armour. It is the first type of ERA which is effectively able to defeat modern APFSDS rounds. Introduced on the T-80U tank in 1985, Kontakt-5 is made up of "bricks" of explosive sandwiched between two metal plates. The plates are arranged in such a way as to move sideways rapidly when the explosive detonates. This will force an incoming KE-penetrator or shaped charge jet to cut through more armour than the thickness of the plating itself, since "new" plating is constantly fed into the penetrating body. A KE-penetrator will also be subjected to powerful sideways forces, which might be large enough to cut the rod into two or more pieces. This will significantly reduce the penetrating capabilities of the penetrator, since the penetrating force will be dissipated over a larger volume of armour.
By 1992 the Russian Defense Ministry announced that it could no longer afford to manufacture two MBTs in parallel. Since both the "quality" T-80U and the cheaper "quantity" T-72B were each being built at one plant, and each plant was critical to the economy of the city it was in, the Government gave small orders to both. Omsk built five T-80Us and Nizhni Tagil 15 T-72s, and both built more against the hope of winning large export orders. Nizhni Tagil had built a few T-72BMs, T-72Bs upgraded with a third generation add-on Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA) called Kontakt-5, which was already in service on the T-80U MBT.
Kontakt-5 has been succeeded by the newer Kaktus type, which is currently only seen on prototype tanks such as the T-80UM2 "Chiorny Oriol" (Black Eagle) tank.
To further improve the T-72's export prospects and its chances of being selected as Russia's sole production MBT, the T-80U's more sophisticated fire control system was also added to produce a vehicle designated T-72BU. Finally, since worldwide news coverage during Desert Storm had firmly established the image of the T-72 as a burning Iraqi tank, the new model was renamed T-90.
The Russian Defense Ministry made a selection of a single MBT in 1995. The fighting in Grozny had been shown around the world and the reputation of Russian tanks suffered. Although many casualties were due to bad tactics and many T-72s were also lost, it was the knocked-out T-80s which made an impression. More had been expected of the "quality" T-80 MBT. This is alleged to have tipped the balance against the T-80 in the selection. The T-80 was already more expensive and its delicate, fuel-hungry turbine engine was still giving problems. In January 1996, Col.-Gen. Aleksandr Galkin, Chief of the Main Armor Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, announced that the T-90 had been selected as the sole Russian MBT.
The T-90 went into low-level production in 1993, based on a prototype designated as the T-88. The T-90 was developed by the Kartsev-Venediktov Design Bureau at the Vagonka Works in Nizhniy Tagil. Initially thought by Western observers to be an entirely new design, the production model is in fact based on the T-72BM, with some added features from the T-80 series. The T-90 features a new generation of armor on its hull and turret. Two variants, the T-90S and T-90E, have been identified as possible export models. Plans called for all earlier models to be replaced with T-90s by the end of 1997, subject to funding availability. By mid-1996 some 107 T-90s had gone into service in the Far Eastern Military District.
Of conventional layout, the T-90 represents a major upgrade to every system in the T-72, including the main gun. The T-90 is an interim solution, pending the introduction of the new Nizhny Tagil MBT which has been delayed due to lack of funding. Produced primarily mainly due to its lower cost, the T-90 will probably remain in low-rate production to keep production lines open until newer designs become available. Several hundred of these tanks have been produced, with various estimates suggesting that between 100 and 300 are in service, primarily in the Far East.
The T-90 retains the low silhouette of the earlier Soviet tanks. The glacis is well sloped, and is covered by second generation ERA bricks and a large transverse rib that extends horizontally across the glacis. The driver sits at the front of the hull and has a single piece hatch cover that opens to the right, in front of which is a single wide-angle observation periscope. Integrated fuel cells and stowage containers give a streamlined appearance to the fenders. The tank has a toothed shovel/dozer blade on the front of the hull beneath the glacis. There are attachment points beneath the blade for the KMT-6 mine-clearing plow.
The low, rounded turret is centered on the hull. The commander's cupola is on the right side of the turret the gunner's hatch is on the left side. The 125-mm main gun has a four section removable thermal shield. It has two sections in front of, and two sections to the rear of the mid-tube bore evacuator. A 7.62-mm coaxial machine-gun is mounted to the right of the mantlet. The T-90 mounts two infra-red searchlights on either side of the main armament these are part of the Shtora ATGM defense system. The turret is covered with second generation reactive armor on the frontal arc.
This ERA gives the turret an angled appearance, with the ERA bricks forming a "clam shell" appearance. There are ERA bricks on the turret roof to provide protection from top-attack weapons. There are banks of smoke mortars on either side of the turret. The second generation ERA package, combined with the advanced armor technology, makes the T-90 one of the best protected main battle tanks in the world.
The year 1999 saw the appearance of a new model of T-90, featuring the fully welded turret of the Obiekt 187 experimental MBT instead of the cast design of the original T-90. This new model is called "Vladimir" in honor of T-90 Chief Designer Vladimir Potkin, who died in 1999. It is unknown how this design affects the protection and layout of the turret, and whether the frontal armor package was also extensively redesigned (Source: Vasily Fofanov's Modern Russian Armor Page).
There are at least three different variants of the T-90. The Russians confirmed the existence of an export variant in June 1996 with varying equipment and engine fits, and Russian promotional materials have discussed both the T-90S (or "C" in the sometimes-used Cyrillic non-translation) and the T-90SK command variant. The T-90SK command variant differs in radio and navigation equipment and Ainet remote-detonation system for HEF rounds. The T-90 "Vladimir", with a welded turret, is also referred to as T-90M, but it is not an official designation. The official designation for those tanks were T-90A, or T-90SM. Actually, all production T-90s from 2001 onwards have welded turrets, so it only seems logical to assume that the official designation now is T-90S (or "C") - what is confirmed by the fact that all T-90S MBTs sold to India have welded turrets. There are also occasional references to a T-90E, but these appear to be unsubstantiated.
T-90S Main Battle Tank, firing the 125mm 2A46M smoothbore gun.
The T-90S armament includes one 125mm 2A46M smoothbore gun, stabilized in two axes and fitted with a thermal sleeve. The gun tube can be replaced without dismantling inside the turret. The gun can fire a variety of ammunition including APDS (Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot), HEAT (High Explosive Anti-Tank), HE-FRAG (High Explosive Fragmentation) as well as, the APERS (anti-personnel) ammunition, consisting of shrapnel projectiles with time fuzes. By far the most widely used APERS round is a multi-purpose HE/HE-FRAG/FRAG fin-stabilized round. Its versatility has been lately further increased by introduction of a time-fusing system, Ainet. Other APERS rounds include shrapnel and incendiary, but these are a lot less common.
The 2A46 and 2A46M lines of mainguns (internal designations D-81T, D-81TM) were developed by the Spetstekhnika design bureau in Ekaterinburg (former Sverdlovsk), and are manufactured at the Motovilikha artillery plant in Perm.
The T-90S gun can also fire the 9M119Refleks (NATO designation AT-11 Sniper), or the 9M119M Refleks (NATO designation AT-11 Sniper-B) anti-tank guided missile system. The 9M119 missile comes in two variants: the 9K120 Svir, which is fired by the T-72B, T-72S, and 2A45M antitank gun and the Refleks, which is fired by the T-80B, T-80U, and T-90 main battle tank. Die Refleks round is 4 kg heavier and has a 5,000 meter maximum range, whereas the Svir has a 4,000 meter maximum range. The range of the missile is 100m to 4,000m and takes 11.7 sec to reach maximum range. The system is intended to engage tanks fitted with ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour) as well as low-flying air targets such as helicopters, at a range of up to 5km. The missile system fires either the 9M119 or 9M119M missiles which have semi-automatic laser beam riding guidance and a hollow charge warhead. Missile weight is 23.4kg. The gun's automatic loader will feed both ordnance and missiles. Due to high cost of the system, usually only elite regiments shall have those missiles in a loadout.
The Refleks 9M119 AT-11 SNIPER laser-guided missile with a hollow-charge warhead is effective against both armored targets and low-flying helicopters. The missile, which can penetrate 700-mm of RHAe out to 5,000 meters, gives the T-90S the ability to engage other vehicles and helicopters before they can engage the T-90S. The computerized fire control system and laser range-finder, coupled with the new Agave gunner's thermal sight, permit the T-90S to engage targets while on the move and at night. However, this first generation system is probably not as capable as current Western counterpart systems. The tank is fitted with precision laying equipment and an automatic loader to guarantee a high rate of gun fire.
Also fitted is a coaxial 7.62mm PKT machine gun and a 12.7mm air defense machine gun. A 5.45mm AKS-74 assault rifle is carried on a storage rack.
The T-90S has the 1A4GT integrated fire control system (IFCS) which is automatic but with manual override for the commander. The IFCS contains the gunner's 1A43 day fire control system, gunner's TO1-KO1 thermal imaging sight which has a target identification range of 1.2km to 1.5km and commander's PNK-S sight.
The gunner's 1A43 day FCS comprises: 1G46 day sight/rangefinder with missile guidance channel, 2E42-4 armament stabilizer, 1V528 ballistic computer and DVE-BS wind gauge.
The commander's PNK-4S sight includes a TKN-4S (Agat-S) day/night sight which has identification ranges of 800m (day) and 700m (night). The driver is equipped with a TVN-5 infrared night viewer.
T-90S, of the indian Army. The T-90S is one of the best protected MBTs in the world.
The T-90S features the low silhouette of the earlier Russian tanks, with a low rounded turret centered on the hull, and is fitted with combined passive and active defenses which make the T-90S one of the best protected main battle tanks in the world. The glacis is covered by second generation explosive reactive armor [ERA] bricks, as is the turret. This ERA gives the turret an angled appearance, with the ERA bricks forming a "clam shell" appearance. ERA bricks on the turret roof provide protection from top-attack weapons.
The T-90S is equipped with the TShU-1-7 Shtora-1 optronic counter measures system, produced by Electronintorg of Russia, which is designed to disrupt the laser target designation and rangefinders of incoming ATGM. The T-90S is also equipped with a laser warning package that warns the tank crew when it is being lased. Shtora-1 is an electro-optical jammer that jams the enemy's semiautomatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) antitank guided missiles, laser rangefinders and target designators. Shtora-1 is actually a soft kill, or countermeasures system, which is most effective when used in tandem with a hard kill system such as the Arena.
Photos: Lots Of T-90 Main Battle Tanks Supplied By Russia To Syrian Army
The Syrian Military Capabilities blog has released fresh photos of T-90 main battle tanks supplied by Russia to the Syrian army.
More about Russian battle tanks:
Click to see the full-size image
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When the Syrian nation with Russians win this war and stabilize the country, Syrian will become a major military player in the region! They had learned with the toughest lessons, they are the land where the most powerful military of the world pointed their cannons and proxy warriors. They shall prevail and they will be the strongest.
Best wishes from Brazil to Syrian people. You will win this battle!
The Syrian military has been toughened by years of actual, on the ground combat against the murderers supplied by the US and its puppets. They and the Syrian people have sustained horrific losses in terms of lives lost and destruction to their country. Here in the US we are always exposed to the propaganda generated by the Zionist-allied media that the Israelis are the best fighting force in west Asia. That is utter nonsense. They are only good at killing and tormenting Palestinians. Without the massive military and financial support from Uncle Stupid (Sam) they are lost. Greetings from the Big Apple.
Are you retarded the Palestinians are basicly terrorists who want the deaths of every Israeli jew. you know they did beat Syria and Egypt in one war so the must be better than you think
Tá bravo cara ? Olha só a foto :)
Como não ficar nesses tempos? Salve xD
Lol, estava brincando, tem razão, os tempos não são favoráveis!!
yes God willing thank you!!
1:50 Strange, you didn’t include Kaliningrad as part of Russia.
Nor Kosovo as part of Serbia
Use them well…use them, for good!
Use them against Daesh and al Nusra!
And turkey if they have to!
Syrian needs no less then 300 of these tanks just to fend off the next Zionist invasion of their country, and to counter attack and liberate the Syrian-Golan-Heights from the Jewish-Colonialist.
http://ifamericaknew.org/
Israel won the Golan Heights after a war. If Israel and Syria would go to war again and Syrian would win back the Golan Heights, it would be fair. Israel never built anything really in the GH, it´s pretty wild land however it has a precious view, which made it worth taking at the time.
Hitler won Poland after a war, was that right?
Two totally different cases. By the way part of Poland throughout history pas polish then German then polish again then German again and so on.
syria needs bacteriological weapons against israel
If you say so. What Syria needs is more Kurd autonomy, that would be good for everyone and would keep a power balance translated into peace, Shalom.
The Syrian Kurds and government have recently come to some agreements . They already have autonomy , we will find out soon the new agreements . Peace brother .
such form of autonomy will get kurds. but not that type, that kurds can have own army.
Then Assad will have to convince them that in case of danger, they can rely on SAA. Can they rely on SAA?
i am sure they can. also now is happening this.
i know, kurd say, assad did not protect them before isis. but, in taht time assad lost whole east syria, too.
Besides, kurds do not have an army at least not in Syria, what they have are defense units, hardly an army but still quite effective !
dfense units are form of army.
i think, assad should allow for all minorities use aalso their lenguages in offices in towns, villages whera are present at least 30%.
Zyclon B is another possible option as a bug killer.
It seems you are either proposing another genocide or expressing admiration for the first genocide of jews.
I am surprised and offended that the moderater did not block you for this. The same goes for Krupacek
waepons = regular war
KY camps = genocide.
But the Israeli’s have now discovered natural carbon resources under it – so while always militarily valuable – now potentially financially very valuable as well, so Israel will double down and not give it up.
Yes but i doubt when Israel won the Golan during the war that they knew that there was wealth beneath.
Golan Heights has a pool of oil beneath it estimated to be the equal of Saudi Arabia’s . That is why Israel does not want to give it back to Syria .
Why should they, Syria lost the GH in a war. Maybe all americans should give back the states to the various Indian tribes? Part of Germany was polish before WWII, maybe Germany should give it back to Poland etc…
It is called International Law .
And on Poland , that part that was Polish before WWll , was German before WWl .
Israel should stop playing the victim , and stop victimizing , and settle with the Palestinians . The “two state” solution will not work , because Hamas is Sunni aligned and the West Bank is Shia aligned . A “three state” solution for three separate land masses is achievable . If just the revenue from the Gaza off-shore oil was split three ways , all three countries would be wealthy. The Muslims and the rest of the world can clearly see the injustice to the native Palestinians . Peace is much more enjoyable than war .
