Graf van Hendrik III van Engeland

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Die vreemde verhaal van Henry VIII se graf

Daar is 'n vreemde verhaal wat kardinaal Wolsey, admiraal Nelson en Henry VIII se graf verbind. Dit is moeilik om te glo dat die graf van Henry VIII so lank verlore sou gewees het.

Henry verduidelik alles in hierdie video. Of, as u verkies om te lees, blaai dan maar af!

Kardinaal Wolsey was Henry VIII se eerste hoofminister.

Op baie maniere het hy koning geword in alles behalwe naam. Die jong Henry VIII het Wolsey laat voortgaan met die bestuur van die koninkryk, terwyl hy soveel as moontlik geniet het.

Kardinaal Wolsey was verantwoordelik vir die bou van die groot paleis by Hampton Court . Dit sou in sy land se toevlugsoord wees.

Toe die kardinaal egter 'n bietjie meer guns by Henry VIII wou kry, besluit hy om die paleis aan hom voor te lê. Henry, met dankbaarheid aanvaar. Om eerlik te wees, wie sou nie?

Wolsey val uit die bewind omdat hy nie die nietigverklaring van Henry verseker het nie Catherine van Aragon. Hy is in Leicester dood terwyl hy in hegtenis geneem is.

Die oorgrote meerderheid van die besittings van die kardinaal is deur die kroon geneem. Soos die geval was met die meeste mans wat van verraad beskuldig word.

Binne die inventaris is 'n paar uitgebreide planne vir 'n graf ontdek, tesame met 'n wonderlik gevormde swart marmer sarkofaag.

Henry VIII kyk hierna en dink dat dit die basis vir sy eie graf kan wees.

Die koning het sy eie groot gedenkteken begin ontwerp vir toe hy sterf, met Wolsey se swart marmer sarkofaag as die basis.

Henry (Tudor) van Engeland (1457 - 1509)

Henry Tudor was die seun van Edmund Tudor, graaf van Richmond, en Margaret Beaufort. Hy is postuum gebore in Pembroke Castle op 28 Januarie 1457. [1] Hy het by geboorte sy vader se titel as graaf van Richmond geërf. [2] [3] Hy woon op Pembroke Castle onder die sorg van sy oom Jasper, graaf van Pembroke, KG tot 30 September 1461, toe die kasteel aan Lords Herbert en Ferrers van Chartley oorgegee is. Henry het die graafskap voor 12 Augustus 1462 verloor toe hy en sy oom na Brittany gevlug het ná die Lancastriese nederlaag op Tewkesbury op 4 Mei 1471. [1] [2]

Oorsprong

Henry se grootouers aan vaderskant was Owen Tudor en Catherine van Valois en via sy ma was hy die agter-agterkleinseun van John van Gaunt en Katherine Swynford. [4] [5] [6] [7]

Henry se aanspraak op die Engelse troon was op sy beste swak. Sy ma stam af van John of Gaunt se verhouding met Katherine Swynford. [4] [6] Alhoewel hul kinders wat buite die huwelik gebore is, deur die parlement gelegitimeer is, was alle bewerings van hierdie lyn nie geldig totdat die direkte manlike lyn van Johannes van Gaunt uitgesterf het nie. [4] [6] [8]

Henry se grootvader, Owen Tudor, was getroud met Catherine van Valois, die weduwee van Henry V en dogter met Charles VI van Frankryk. Hul seun Edmund, synde die halfbroer van Henry VI, is die graaf van Richmond geskep. Hy trou met Margaret Beaufort, enigste dogter van John Beaufort, hertog van Somerset en Margaret Beauchamp, hertogin van Somerset. Edmund sterf meer as twee maande voor hul seun Henry Tudor se geboorte. [4] [6] [8] [5]

Slag van Bosworth

Jasper en Henry seil om by die opstand teen Richard III in 1483 aan te sluit, maar kon nie land nie. Op 25 Januarie 1484 word hy in sy afwesigheid getuig. [1] [9] Ondanks hierdie mislukte opstande en sy Lancastriese verbindings, wen Henry uiteindelik die troon. [9]

Op 1 Augustus 1485 vaar Henry vanaf Harfleur en land by Milford Haven. Sy magte verslaan Richard III tydens die Slag van Bosworth Field op 22 Augustus 1485 en hy gryp die kroon as Henry VII, koning van Engeland. Hy is op 30 Oktober 1485 in die Westminster Abbey gekroon. [1] [9] [10]

Alhoewel Henry se aanspraak op die troon swak en moontlik onwettig was, [9] [11] dateer hy uit sy bewind van die dag voor Bosworth. [12]

In 'n daad van verweerder verklaar die parlement dat Richard van Gloucester 'n verraaier was wat die troon ingeneem het en 'deur groot en volgehoue ​​beraadslaging verradig oorlog gevoer het teen ons genoemde soewereine heer en sy ware onderdane'. [13]

Huwelik

Op 18 Januarie 1486, in Westminster, trou Henry met Elizabeth van York (geb. 11 Feb 1466 Westminster Palace - d. 11 Feb 1503). [14] Sy was die oudste dogter en erfgenaam van Edward IV en Elizabeth Wydeville. [15]

Die huwelik was 'n daad om Yorkistiese steun te verkry en 'n einde aan die burgeroorlog te bring deur die Rooi Roos van Lancaster en die Wit Roos van York te verenig. [8] Elizabeth se kroning as koninginkonsort het op 25 November 1487, die dag van die fees van St Catherine, plaasgevind. Op reis van Greenwich na Londen waar sy van die Tower na Westminster geneem is. [16]

Elizabeth van York is tydens die bevalling oorlede. Sy is begrawe in die Westminster Abbey. [1]

Kinders

Henry VII en Elizabeth van York het agt kinders gehad. Vier van hulle sterf tydens hul kinderjare of in die jeug.

1. Arthur (b. 20 Sep 1486 St Swithun's Priory, Winchester - dvp. 02 Apr 1502 Ludlow Castle, co. Salop begrawe in Worcester Cathedral, was hertog van Cornwall vanaf geboorte. [17] Hy is geskep, die Prins van Wales & amp Graaf van Chester op 29 November 1489. [18]

Arthur trou by proxy by Catherine van Aragon in November 1500. Hulle geloftes is hernu na Catherine se aankoms in Engeland. Die huwelikseremonie is uitgevoer in die St. Paul's Cathedral, Londen, 14 November 1501. [19]

Infanta doña CATALINA de Aragón (geb. 16 Desember 1485 - d. 7 Jan 1536), ged. van FERNANDO V van Aragon en Isabel I van Kastilië, hertrou later met Henry VIII van Engeland. Sy is gebore in Alcala de Henares en sterf in Kimbolton Castle, Huntingdonshire en begrawe in die Peterborough -katedraal. [1] 2. Margaret (geb. 28 Nov 1489 Westminster paleis [2] - d. 18 Okt 1541 Methven Castle, Perthshire begrawe Carthusian Monastery of St John, Perth), Koningin Regent van Skotland, sterf aan verlamming. [20]

Sy trou by volmag, toe teenwoordig tydens haar huwelikseremonie in Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh 8 Augustus 1503, James IV van Skotland (gebore 17 Maart 1473 - d. 09 Sep 1513 Slag van Flodden). Hy was die seun van Jakobus III van Skotland en Margarethe van Denemarke.

Margaret en James het ses kinders gehad. James is in Northumberland vermoor en begrawe in Sheen Abbey, Surrey. [20]

Margaret trou weer met Archibald Douglas, graaf van Angus (geb. 1490 d. Jan 1557 Tantallon Castle bur. Abernethy), in Kinnoul Church op 6 Aug 1514 as sy tweede vrou. Hy was die seun van George Douglas, meester van Angus, en Elizabeth Drummond. Hulle skei op 11 Maart 1527. [20]

Margaret trou voor 2 April 1528 vir die derde keer met Henry Stewart (geb. 1495 x 1500), as sy tweede vrou. Hy was die seun van Andrew Stewart, Lord Avondale en Margaret Kennedy, en sterf kort na 10 Oktober 1551. Hy is op 17 Julie 1528 Lord Methven geskep. [1] [20] 3. Henry (geb. 28 Junie 1491 Greenwich Palace , co. Kent - d. 28 Jan 1547 Whitehall bur. St George's Chapel, Windsor), suc. 22 April 1509 as Henry VIII. [21] 4. Elizabeth, gebore 2 Julie 1492 te Eltham Palace, Kent, oorlede 7 Okt of 14 Nov 1495, begrawe in Westminster Abbey. [1] [2] 5. Mary (geb. 18 Maart 1496 Richmond Palace, Surrey of Westminster - d. [24/26] Jun 1533 Westhorpe Hall, Suffolk bur. 22 Jul Abbey Church, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk). Haar lyk is na die St Mary's Church, Bury St Edmunds, oorgeplaas. Sy is op 5 November 1514 in die St Denis -katedraal in Parys as koningin van Frankryk gekroon. [2] [22]

Haar eerste eggenoot was Lodewyk XII van Frankryk (geb. Château de Blois 27 Junie 1462 - d. Hôtel royal des Tournelles, Parys 1 Jan 1515 bur. Église de l'abbaye royale de Saint -Denis). Maria was sy derde vrou. Hulle trou per kontrak, daarna by volmag [meer as een keer], uiteindelik persoonlik in die Abbeville -katedraal, Somme 9 Oktober 1514. Louis 'was die seun van Charles, Duc d'Orleans en sy derde vrou Maria von Kleve. [23]

Mary se tweede huwelik met Charles Brandon, hertog van Suffolk (geb. 1484 - d. The Palace, Guildford, co. Surrey 22 Aug 1545, bur. St George's Chapel, Windsor), het in die geheim in die kapel in die Palais de Cluny plaasgevind, Parys [4/20] Februarie 1515 en 31 Maart 1515. Hulle trou later in die openbaar by die Greyfriars Church, Greenwich Palace, 13 Mei 1515. Sy was sy derde vrou en het uit hierdie huwelik 3 kinders gehad. Suffolk se ouers was William Brandon en sy vrou Elizabeth Bruyn. [1] [24] 6. Edmund (b. 21 Feb 1499 Greenwich Palace, co. Kent - d. 19 Junie 1500 Old Palace, Bishop's Hatfield, co. Herts. Bur 22 Jun Westminster Abbey). [1] [2] 7. Edward (dy bur. Westminster Abbey. [1] 8. Katherine (b. 02 Feb 1503 Tower of London - d. Inf. 18 Feb 1503 Tower of London bur. Westminster Abbey. [1] [2]

Dood

Henry het sy testament op 31 Maart 1509/10 op die landgoed van Richmond geskryf. Sy testament is op 10 April 1509 in Canterbury opgeteken. Hy sterf in Richmond Palace, in Surrey op 21 April 1509. [1] [25] Hy is op 11 Mei 1509 in Westminster Abbey begrawe. [26]

(Royal Tombs of Medieval England) [27] - Henry VII het sy graf goed beplan voordat hy gesterf het. Henry het 'n dinastiese punt om te maak en was genoodsaak om sy monument vroegtydig te oorweeg omdat die mees senior begraafposte in die Confessor's Chapel in Westminster beset was. In 1496 het Henry begin met die heropbou van die kapel van St Edward in Windsor vir sy graf, maar teen 1504 het hy sy planne van Windsor na Westminster oorgeplaas toe hy 'n gesangskap daar vir homself, sy vrou, Elizabeth van York, sy ouers gestig het en voorouers. In 1506 stig Margaret Beaufort 'n eie Westminster -gesang. Die testament van Henry VII van 1509 spog met sy grootmoeder se dubbele koninklike status as vrou van 'n Engelse koning (Henry V) en dogter van 'n Franse (Charles VI) en noem haar begrafnis in Westminster as een van die redes waarom hy self daar begrawe wou word . Die werk aan sy kapel duur voort tot Henry se dood in 1509, met sy testament wat aansienlike fondse vir die voltooiing daarvan voorsien het. In 1507 blyk dit dat Henry 'n nuwe graf in gebruik geneem het met vergulde beelde van homself en Elizabeth van York met 'n grafkis in swart en wit marmer. [25]

Henry sterf te Richmond op 21 April 1509. Sy nuwe kapel, onvoltooid, is die vorige dag ingewy ter voorbereiding op die begrafnis. Die kis van die koning is na die St. Paul's in Londen gebring met 'n begrafnisbeeld geklee in parlementêre gewade met kroon, septer en bol. Die kis lê onder 'n afdak van goue doek met sy wa getrek deur sewe perde wat begrafnisstroke dra, vergesel van 330 fakkeldraers en met ridders wat koninklike en godsdienstige baniere dra. Die kis is geïnstalleer voor die hoë altaar van St. Paul vir die sing van die mis en daarna is die kis teruggebring na sy wa vir die reis na Westminster. By Charing word die wa ontmoet deur abte van die verskillende katedrale en Westminster -monnike. Saam met nog 100 fakkeldraers het die koets voortgegaan na die westelike deur van die abdijkerk, terwyl die kis voor die hoë altaar of in Henry se nuwe kapel aangebring is, terwyl die deel nie opgeneem is nie. Mis is gesing en die kis is begrawe. [25] [28]

Die fondamente van Henry se nuwe kapel bevat 'n groot gewelf aan die oostekant, en dit is hier waar Henry en sy vrou Elizabeth van York begrawe is.

Henry se graf is in 1512 in gebruik geneem en voltooi tot ongeveer 1518. Dit het 'n vergulde bronsbeeld met 'n swart en wit marmer grafkis. Die skilderye wys die egpaar met hande vasgebind in gebed. Die enigste teken van koninklike status is dat twee vergulde krone verlore gegaan het. Beide is duidelik portrette met Henry se beeld wat waarskynlik op 'n sterfmasker geskoei is.

In 1867 is die gewelf onder die graf oopgemaak en gevind dat dit drie loodkiste bevat. Die kiste van Henry VII en James I (d. 1625) is geïdentifiseer deur inskripsies en 'n derde kis met 'n groot kruis, maar sonder dat die inskripsie byna seker die van Elizabeth van York was. [29]

10 dinge wat u (waarskynlik) nie van Henry III geweet het nie

Henry III (1207-1272), die oudste seun van koning John (c1166-1216), het op negejarige ouderdom op die troon gekom. Hy was koning van Engeland van 1216 tot sy dood in 1272, en regeer langer as enige ander Engelse monarg totdat George III 56 jaar op die troon bereik het in 1816. Hy word tradisioneel beskou as 'n swak heerser wie se onbetroubaarheid tot die Tweede Baronsoorlog gelei het 1264 tot 1267. En tog, sê historikus Matthew Lewis, word die Engelse koning dikwels onderskat. Hier onthul Lewis 10 minder bekende feite oor Henry III, waaronder waarom hy grootliks die rede is waarom Magna Carta vandag onthou word ...

Hierdie kompetisie is nou gesluit

Gepubliseer: 19 September 2018 om 08:00

Henry het twee kronings gehad

Henry van Winchester, die oudste seun van koning John, kom in 1216 op nege jaar op die troon, met die helfte van die koninkryk in die hande van rebellebaronne wat probeer het om prins Louis van Frankryk die nuwe koning van Engeland te maak.

Henry was op Devizes Castle toe hy koning word op 19 Oktober 1216. Met Londen grootliks in Louis se hande, het diegene wat lojaal aan die nuwe koning was, besluit dat 'n kroning dringend nodig is. Op 28 Oktober, 10 dae na sy pa se dood, word Henry in die Gloucester -katedraal gekroon nadat hy tot ridder geslaan is deur die ou staatsman William Marshal, wat deur baie mense as die grootste ridder van die Middeleeue beskou is.

Henry se kroningsklere is gesmeek en geleen by diegene wat dit bygewoon het, afgesny om by hom te pas, en in die plek van 'n kroon is 'n klein goue sirkel wat moontlik van sy ma geleen is, gebruik, aangesien sy pa vroeër daardie jaar sy juwele verloor het The Wash ['n baai en riviermonding in die noordwestelike hoek van East Anglia aan die ooskus van Engeland, waar Norfolk Lincolnshire ontmoet]. Die pouslike legaat Guala het toesig gehou oor die verrigtinge, maar het Peter des Roches, die krygsbiskop van Winchester, toegelaat om Henry te kroon.

Op 17 Mei 1220, met die land wat verseker is deur Marshal se uitdrywing van die Franse en die vrede wat hy met die rebellebaronne gesluit het, het Henry 'n tweede seremonie in die Westminster Abbey ondergaan, wat William van Coventry opgeteken het "met soveel vreedsaamheid en glans, dat die oudste manne onder die edeles van Engeland wat teenwoordig was, het beweer dat hulle nooit onthou het dat een van sy voorgangers te midde van so 'n ooreenstemming en rustigheid gekroon is nie ". Dit het hierdie drie jaar geneem om vrede te verseker, waartydens Louis verslaan is in die gevegte van Lincoln en Sandwich [beide 1217]. Die pous dring daarop aan op Henry se tweede seremonie om enige gebrek wat in die haas eers waargeneem is, reg te stel, en omdat 'n kroning by die Westminster Abbey nou die regte manier was om 'n nuwe koning te installeer.

Henry III was nie die ware heerser van Engeland nie

In Mei 1213 het Henry se vader die koninkryk van Engeland aan die heerskappy van die pous onderwerp, tesame met 'n jaarlikse huldeblyk van 1 000 punte. Toe Henry in 1216 gekroon word, erken hy pous Honorius III as sy feodale heer. Toe die kroning in 1220 herhaal word, was dit in opdrag van Honorius wat van mening was dat die eerste in Gloucester nie heeltemal reg was nie. Die pousdom het in werklikheid die koninkryk van Engeland en die heerskappy van Ierland besit, en Henry was die pous se leuenaar, wat die pous gelykstaande gemaak het aan 'n koning en Henry aan 'n edelman wat diens aan die pous te danke gehad het. Dit het beteken dat die pouslike legaat, die verteenwoordiger van die pous in 'n land, uiteindelik verantwoordelik was vir die bestuur van die land.

Nadat Pandulf, die pouslike legaat wat die pous in Engeland verteenwoordig het, in 1221 as legaat afgedank is op versoek van Stephen Langton, die aartsbiskop van Canterbury, wat 'n hoër gesag in die kerk as homself in die koninkryk gehad het, het die pous ingestem om nie stuur nog 'n legaat na Engeland. Maar Henry versoek 'n legaat in 1237 toe hy pouslike steun nodig het teen die baronne, wat gedreig het om weer in opstand te kom, en dan weer in 1265 toe 'n burgeroorlog uitgebreek het. Ottobuono Fieschi (die legaat wat in 1265 gestuur is), wat later pous Adrian V sou word, dien drie jaar lank en help om die wonde van die Tweede Baronsoorlog te genees, bemiddel tussen die twee kante en bring hulle bymekaar op terme wat by beide Henry pas en die baronne deur die koning te herstel sonder om te straf te wees.

Opeenvolgende pouse het 'n groot inkomste uit Engeland verwag, wat gelei het tot klagtes van die Engelse geestelikes oor pouslike bevele. Vanuit Henry se perspektief, met 'n feodale oorheerser-iemand anders wat in beheer was en uiteindelik die skuld kon neem-het hom altyd 'n vrykaart uit die gevangenis gekry 'as probleme ontstaan, wat die verantwoordelikheid vir ongewilde beleid vervaag en dit moeilik maak vir die baronne om die koning tot verantwoording te roep.

Henry het probeer om sy pa se lyk te beweeg

In 1216 het koning John versoek dat sy lyk begrawe word in die katedraal van Worcester tussen die heiligdomme van St Wulfstan en St Oswald. Daar is 'n moontlikheid dat hy van plan was om begrawe te word by die klooster wat hy in Beaulieu gestig het, maar die keuse van Worcester is uiteindelik deur die omstandighede op hom afgedwing, want toe John sterf, is die grootste deel van die noorde en die suidooste was in rebellehande en Beaulieu kon nie veilig bereik word nie. Worcester was een van die min katedrale wat nog in koninklike hande was en beskikbaar was vir 'n koninklike begrafnis.

In 1228 skryf Henry aan pous Gregorius IX om toestemming te vra om sy pa se oorskot van Worcester na Beaulieu Abbey te verskuif. Dit is onduidelik of Gregory geweier het of nie geantwoord het nie, maar John was nie ontroer nie. In plaas daarvan het Henry die bouwerk laat doen om die Worcester-katedraal, wat in 1202 deur 'n brand beskadig is, te herstel, met die graf van sy vader en die beskikking van koning John die oudste beelde van 'n koning in Engeland, wat vermoedelik 'n ware gelykenis is. Bo die graf is 'n reeks van vyf gravures oor koningskap, met John aan die een kant, Henry aan die ander kant en Edward die Belyder, koning David en 'n ander koning wat tussendeur 'n harp speel.

Dit toon aan dat Henry se pa in gedagte was, net soos die idee wat 'n goeie en slegte koning gemaak het. Edward die Belyder was 'n heilige koning waaroor Henry 'n obsessie gehad het en wou navolg, maar wie se dood die Normandiese verowering tot gevolg gehad het. Koning Dawid is 'n Bybelse voorbeeld van 'n algemeen goeie koning wat foute maak en 'n slegte vader is. Was Henry besorg oor sy pa se blywende reputasie, sy eie of dalk albei?

Henry was 'n gesinsman

Henry III trou in 1236 met Eleanor van Provence, toe hy 28 jaar oud was. Eleanor se presiese geboortedatum is onbekend, maar die kroniekskrywer Matthew Paris beskryf haar as 12 tydens die troue in Januarie. In die daaropvolgende jare het die egpaar vyf kinders gehad, en in teenstelling met sy pa is daar geen rekord dat Henry 'n meesteres aangehou het voor of tydens sy huwelik nie. Verder is daar bewyse dat Henry op sy vrou en kinders gewag het. Hy en Eleanor het saam gereis waar moontlik.

Henry se verhouding met sy oudste seun, die toekomstige Edward I. Prins Edward, op die ouderdom van 15 jaar, is veral aangrypend dat hy gehuil het toe sy vader in 1253 na Frankryk begin het. En Henry was hartseer om later na sy seun te luister. skaar by die opstand van Simon de Montfort in 1260. Edward was op kruistog toe sy pa in 1272 sterf, en die nuus het hom van Charles van Anjou bereik toe hy terugkeer. Charles het Edward vertel van die dood van sy oom Richard, graaf van Cornwall, sy oudste seun John en sy pa, net om geskok te wees dat Edward meer vir sy pa bedroef het as vir sy seun. Edward het na bewering verduidelik dat hy meer seuns kan hê, maar 'n man het net een pa. Dit was 'n kragtige bewys van die familie -eenheid wat Henry gebou het.

Henry het 'n sin vir humor

In 1242 keer Henry terug uit Frankryk, waar hy 'n vrede gesluit het met sy swaer koning Lodewyk IX. Die Fine Rolls, wat 'n kanselary -rekord was van die geld wat die kroon verskuldig was vir die aankoop van 'n konsessie, toon aan dat koning Henry III op die reis terug uit Frankryk 'n praktiese grap gespeel het oor een van die mans in sy party.

Peter the Poitevin was sedert ten minste 1229 in diens van Henry en tydens die reis huis toe is 'n nota in die Fine Rolls -opname aangeteken dat Peter 'n lys skulde aan Henry verskuldig was, insluitend 'vyf dosyn kapone vir 'n oortreding aan boord' en '34 tuns van wyn ”. Die rol is weggelaat vir Peter om te sien, en, soos bedoel, was hy in paniek deur die aanskoue van soveel skuld vir soveel oortreding wat veroorsaak is.

Henry het die inskrywings deurgewerk sodra Peter dit gesien het, om te verseker dat die skulde nie later in die ruïne van Petrus ingevorder is nie, maar dit lyk asof die grap al 'n geruime tyd volgehou is, terwyl besorgde mans vir Peter vra wat hy van plan is om te doen oor die groot skuld wat hy die koning geskuld het. Dit is 'n seldsame insig in die sin vir humor van 'n Middeleeuse koning.

Henry was 'n groot Gotiese bouer

Henry het 'n lewenslange belangstelling in die bou uitgespreek. Baie van die dinge wat vandag die Tower of London vorm, is 'n gevolg van Henry se werk: hy het verskeie torings en 'n gordynmuur bygevoeg om die White Tower uit te brei, begin in 1238. Hy het ook die byna onneembare vestings in Kenilworth gebou wat vir Henry baie problematies was toe tydens rebelle tydens die Tweede Baronsoorlog in 1265 in beslag geneem. Selfs nadat Simon de Montfort verslaan is, het sy seun Simon die Jongere en 'n garnisoen geweier om Kenilworth aan die koning oor te gee. 'N Lang beleg het uiteindelik misluk en 'n onderhandelde skikking, bekend as die Dictum van Kenilworth, is in 1266 gepubliseer, wat die rebelle 'n pad na koninklike guns teruggee deur boetes te betaal.

Maar Henry sou Westminster Abbey waarskynlik as sy lewenswerk beskou het. Die projek het in 1245 begin toe Henry sy argitek Henry de Reynes gestuur het om die Franse stede Rheims, Chartres, Bourges en Amiens en die koninklike kapel Sainte-Chapelle van Parys te besoek om die Gotiese tegniek te leer wat hy so bewonder het.

Die Westminster Abbey wat voorheen gestaan ​​het, is opgerig deur Edward the Confessor wat begin het met die heropbou van die Sint Peter's Abbey in 1042. Edward was 'n held van Henry, en hy het sy seun waarskynlik na hom vernoem. Die fondamente en grafkelder is nog steeds die van Edward the Confessor's Abbey, maar alles bo die grond is vandag die gebou wat Henry III begin het. Die graf van Edward die Belyder is in 1269 in die middel van die nuwe abdij na 'n nuwe ereposisie verskuif, en toe Henry in 1272 sterf, is hy begrawe langs die heiligdom van Edward in die presiese posisie wat die bene van sy heilige koningheld gehad het 200 jaar gelê.

Henry het 'n interessante menagerie by die Tower of London gehou

As deel van sy bouwerk om die Tower of London uit te brei en te verbeter, het Henry geboue bygevoeg om die koninklike menagerie te huisves. Konings van Engeland het voorheen eksotiese diere daar gehou, maar Henry het 'n spesiaal geboude huis vir hulle geskep en 'n paar skouspelagtige toevoegings versamel.

Die Heilige Romeinse keiser Frederik II stuur vir Henry drie luiperds en koning Lodewyk IX van Frankryk stuur Henry die eerste olifant wat ooit in Engeland gesien kan word - miskien selfs noord van die Alpe. In 1252 gee Henry 'n bevel oor die ysbeer uit dat hy deur koning Haakon IV van Noorweë gestuur is. Die bevel vereis dat 'n snuit en ysterketting aan die houer van die ysbeer gegee word om hom te help om dit te beheer terwyl dit in die Teems buite die toring se mure hengel. Die aanskouing van die groot wit beer wat in die Teems waai en visvang, het 'n nuwe aantrekkingskrag vir die inwoners van Londen geword, hoewel dit twyfelagtig is hoeveel beheer sy hanteerder werklik aan die ander kant van die ysterketting gehad het.

Henry III was bang vir donderstorms, maar meer bang vir sy swaer

Die kroniekskrywer Matthew Paris het in 1258 'n onheilspellende gesprek tussen Hendrik III en sy berugste swaer Simon de Montfort aangeteken, wat 'n teken was van die moeilikheid tussen hulle. Henry het goeie huwelike vir sy susters en dogters gemaak, sodat hy die Heilige Romeinse keiser Frederik II, die koning van Frankryk Louis IX en die koning van Skotland Alexander II as swaers en die volgende koning van Skotland, Alexander III, kon tel , en Johannes II, hertog van Bretagne, as skoonseuns.

Henry se suster Eleanor, nadat sy in 1231 weduwee was by die dood van William Marshal die Jongere, het 'n gelofte van kuisheid afgelê om slegs met Simon de Montfort te trou, 'n Fransman met 'n twyfelagtige aanspraak op die graafskap van Leicester wat na Engeland op soek was na sy fortuin, in 1238. Volgens berigte het Simon Eleanor verlei en toe Henry uitvind dat hy woedend was en hulle gedwing het om te trou.

In 1258 merk Matthew Paris op dat Henry besig was om die Teems af te roei toe 'n donderstorm begin. Henry het by die naaste hawe ingekom en bevind hom by die biskop van Durham se paleis, Simon de Montfort se woning. Toe Simon vra waarom Henry nog steeds bang is toe die storm gaan, antwoord die koning: "Ek is baie bang vir donderweer en weerlig, maar deur God se kop vrees ek jou meer as al die donderweer en weerlig ter wêreld".

Onthou dat Henry op Simon se tyd in beheer van Gascogne niks anders as moeilikheid gebring het nie, waar sy swaar hand 'n stroom klagtes na die koning se hof gebring het. Na bewering het Simon geantwoord: "Meneer, dit is onregverdig en ongelooflik dat u my moet vrees, u vaste vriend, wat u en uwe altyd getrou is, en aan die koninkryk van Engeland is dit u vyande, u verwoesters en valse vleitaars. om te vrees". Tog sou Simon later teenstand teen Henry in die Tweede Baronsoorlog lei, toe de Montfort die koning aangryp en 'n jaar lank beheer oor die koninkryk neem.

Henry III was immuun teen ekskommunikasie deur almal behalwe die pous

Een voordeel wat Henry uit sy posisie as feodale leuenman van die pous geniet het, was dat sowel hy as sy broer Richard, graaf van Cornwall, kon word uitgesluit, behalwe op uitdruklike bevel van die pous. Ekskommunikasie was bedoel om die uiteindelike sanksie van die kerk te wees, wat die ontvanger effektief uitgesluit het van die gemeenskap van die kerk. Dit is voorgeskryf as die straf vir die oortreding van die Groot Handves, die gesamentlike naam wat aan Magna Carta en die Handves van die Bos gegee is ['n aparte stel regte wat daarop gemik is om die lot van diegene wat in die koningswoud woon, te verbeter, wat groot dele van Engeland bedek het destyds], maar dit het ook 'n oormatige sanksie geword wat die gevaar loop om sy angel te verloor.

Koning John het byvoorbeeld jare lank uitgesluit, tussen 1209 en 1213, na 'n geskil met die pous oor die aanstelling van 'n nuwe aartsbiskop van Canterbury. John het die reg opgeëis om sy kandidaat aan te stel terwyl die pous geglo het dat die voorreg syne was. Maar ondanks die feit dat hy uit die weg geruim is, het John die inkomste van die kerk geniet deur kerkgrond vir homself in beslag te neem in die nasleep van die geskil. Intussen het die Heilige Romeinse keiser Frederik II jare lank in opposisie teen die pous en in 'n toestand van ekskommunikasie deurgebring nadat hy die sanksie vier keer opgelê het tussen 1227 en 1250.

Vir Henry was ekskommunikasie egter 'n skrikwekkende gedagte. Hy was diep vroom en het daarom baie gevrees vir ekskommunikasie, en daarom was die beskerming wat hy hom gebied het [uit sy posisie as feodale leuenman van die pous] en sy broer van onskatbare waarde, veral omdat hy die handves met virtuele straffeloosheid kon oortree. Die straf vir die oortreding van die bepalings van die Great Charters was ekskommunikasie, maar eintlik het niemand in Engeland die mag gehad om Henry te ekskommunikeer nie, wat hom die vrye hand gegee het om hul voorwaardes na willekeur te verbreek.

Die langste heerskappy vir 600 jaar word amper vergeet

Koning Henry III regeer Engeland van 1216 tot sy dood in 1272. Sy heerskappy van 56 jaar is langer as dié van enige ander Engelse monarg, of dit nou Angelsaksies, Norman, Angevin, Plantagenet, Tudor of Stuart is, en sal rekord bly tot George III bereik 56 jaar op die troon in 1816. Ten spyte hiervan word Henry III dikwels oor die hoof gesien. Tradisioneel beskou as 'n swak koning wie se onbetroubaarheid tot die Tweede Baronsoorlog van 1264 tot 1265 gelei het, sou die bereiking van die heerskappy vir 56 jaar daarop dui dat daar meer aan Henry is as dit.

Henry het in 1216 'n koninkryk geërf wat aan die pous behoort en waarvan groot dele deur die Franse prins Louis (later koning Louis VIII) beheer is. Tog, in 1272, laat Henry sy seun Edward I 'n koninkryk so stabiel toe dat die nuwe koning vol vertroue met uitbreiding en konsolidasie kan begin. Om die konteks van hierdie prestasie by te voeg, kon Simon de Montfort - 'n man wat eeue lank verkeerdelik geglo het dat hy die vader van die parlementêre demokrasie was, maar 'n sterk en charismatiese leier - net 'n jaar lank aan bewind kan bly in vergelyking met Henry se 56 jaar.

Henry se bewind is ook grootliks die rede waarom Magna Carta vandag onthou word, aangesien die Groot Handves 'n onderhandeling tussen koning en baronne geword het dat belasting toegestaan ​​word vir die handhawing van vryhede en die regstelling van 'n slegte regering. Gedurende Henry se bewind het die rol van die parlement gegroei as 'n liggaam wat belasting toegestaan ​​of terughou op grond van die mag van Magna Carta, en wat kon aandring op veranderinge aan ongewilde beleid in ruil daarvoor dat die koning geld kon insamel. Dit was miskien nie maklik nie, maar uiteindelik kon Henry 'n veilige kroon aan sy seun oorhandig, wat miskien die grootste bewys is van sy lang en moeilike bewind.

Matthew Lewis is die skrywer van Henry III: Die Seun van Magna Carta (Amberley Publishing, 2016).

Hierdie artikel is die eerste keer gepubliseer op History Extra in Oktober 2016

Henry III

Henry III, die oudste seun van koning John en Isabella van Angouleme, is op 1 Oktober 1207 in Winchester gebore. Hy was 'n kleinseun van Henry II en Eleanor van Aquitaine, en ook die agter-agterkleinseun van Louis VI van Frankryk.

Hy volg sy ongewilde pa op negejarige ouderdom op na 'n koninkryk in 'n toestand van anargie. Henry word beskryf as 'n 'mooi klein ridder' toe hy in die Abbey Church of Gloucester gekroon is met 'n sirkel van sy moeder, aangesien sy pa voorheen die koninklike skat in die Wash verloor het.

Henry III

Die hoogs bekwame William Marshal, graaf van Pembroke, is saam met Hubert de Burgh as regent aangestel. Ten tyde van die dood van koning John, is die Franse en Londen en die meeste kanaalhawe gehou. In 'n gewilde stap maak Marshal sy voorneme bekend om te heers volgens die bepalings van die Magna Carta, die Franse indringers is verdryf en die vrede in Engeland herstel. Die groot William Marshal, wat vier geslagte van die Plantagenets met groot vermoë gedien het, sterf in Mei 1219 en laat de Burgh as enigste regent.

Koning Henry III kon nie minder soos sy vader gelyk het nie, en hy was ook nie in die gewone Plantagenet -vorm gebou nie. Gekweekte, estetiese, wreedaardige en vriendelike aard, maar swak en ondoeltreffend, bereik Henry in die ouderdom van negentien in 1227 sy meerderheid en neem die leisels van sy koninkryk oor, maar behou de Burgh as sy hoofadviseur.

Henry se karakter en voorkoms

'N Tydgenoot het van Henry III gesê dat "dit lyk asof sy gedagtes nie op 'n vaste basis staan ​​nie, want vir elke skielike ongeluk het hy 'n passie gekry". Hy was van middelgroot grootte, ongeveer 5 '6 "groot en soos sy pa geneig om mollig te wees. Hy het 'n hangende linker ooglid gehad, wat geërf is deur sy oudste seun Edward I, die ooglid bedek die helfte van die oog wat hom 'n nogal sinister voorkoms.

Henry III veldtog in Frankryk

Persoonlike reël

Vroeg in sy bewind wou Henry die hertogdom Normandië herwin, wat deur sy vader, koning John, vir die Franse verlore was. In 1226 belowe hy om met Yolande van Bretagne te trou. 'N Alliansie met haar vader Peter I, hertog van Bretagne, sou toelaat dat Bretagne gebruik word as 'n basis vanwaar Henry aanvalle op Normandië kan begin. Henry's cousin, Blanche, Queen of France, recognized this threat and manoeuvred Peter of Brittany to promise Yolande in marriage to one of her sons instead. Henry then pledged himself to Joan of Ponthieu, but since this also posed a threat to Normandy, the French again intervened and prevented the marriage.

In 1236, Henry married Eleanor of Provence, whose sister Margaret had already married Louis IX of France. Henry launched an unsuccessful expedition into Gascony in 1230, a belated attempt to regain the Plantagenet ancestral lands in France. Eleanor was the second daughter of Raymond Berenger, Count of Provence (1198-1245) and Beatrice of Savoy (1206-66). Beatrice herself was the daughter of Tomasso, Count of Savoy and Margaret of Geneva. Eleanor's elder sister, Margaret, was married to the King of France. No physical description of Eleanor survives, but since her son Edward I was over six feet tall and her husband was not, it can safely be assumed that she was quite tall for a woman. Unlike her husband, Eleanor was a strong willed character. Legend records that his attention had been drawn to her by a poem she addressed to his brother, Richard Earl of Cornwall.

A further disastrous military campaign to expel Louis IX from Poitou was embarked upon in 1254. Disaffection at Henry's rule was by this time rife amongst the nobles. Henry foolishly showered honours on his Queen's foreign family, which increased their grievances. Eleanor's maternal uncle, Peter of Savoy, was granted the honour of Richmond and his brother, Boniface, was made Archbishop of Canterbury.

Henry III

The situation was further inflamed by Henry's patronage of his French relatives, the Lusignans. They were his half-brothers by his mother's second marriage to Hugh de Lusignan. They too were given Earldoms and church posts in England. Henry made his half brother, William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke in 1247, while another half brother, Aymer, became bishop-elect of Winchester.

Henry and Simon de Montfort

These foolish policies coupled with Henry's pathological irresolution in government-produced political revolution. By the Provisions of Oxford (1258), a council of fifteen nobles to help govern the country was imposed on the King. Chief among these was Henry's brother-in-law, the French-born Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, the husband of his sister, Eleanor.

The resentful Henry asserted himself and recovered power in 1261. Queen Eleanor herself was highly unpopular and was particularly loathed by the Londoners. In July 1263, she was pelted with rotten eggs and vegetables whilst sailing down the Thames in her barge. The Queen was rescued by Thomas FitzThomas, the mayor of London, and was given refuge at the home of the Bishop of London. Her son Edward was never to forget this insult to his mother and thereafter reciprocated by detesting the Londoners.

The King suffered defeat at the hands of de Montfort at the Battle of Lewes on 14th May, 1264, de Montfort appropriated control of the government and a subsequent first representitive parliament was called in 1265. He selected a council of nine and ruled in the name of the king. De Montfort realised the need to obtain the support of the middle classes, in 1264, he summoned knights from each shire in addition to the normal high churchmen and nobility to an early pre-Parliament and in 1265 invited burgesses from selected towns. Henry and his eldest son, Edward, along with his brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall, were placed under house arrest. Edward, of a much more able character than his father, escaped from his forced confinement and took up arms in Henry's cause.

Edward defeated de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Henry was thrown to the ground and would have been killed had he not lifted his visor and exclaimed to his assailant "Save me, save me, I am Henry of Winchester!" De Montfort, the founder of Parliament, was killed in battle. His body was cut into pieces and his head sent to Wigmore Castle. Some of his remains which could be found were buried beneath the altar of Evesham Abbey. Edward, although disliking de Montfort, adopted some of his ideas.

Tomb of Henry III, Westminster Abbey

The Final Years

In the words of architectural historian John Goodall, Henry was "the most obsessive patron of art and architecture ever to have occupied the throne of England". He rebuilt the royal palace at Westminster, his favourite home, rebuilding both the palace and Westminster Abbey at a cost of almost £55,000. Henry spent in the region of £58,000 on his royal castles, carrying out major works at the Tower of London, Lincoln and Dover and added the Great Hall at Winchester Castle. At Windsor, a huge overhaul of the castle produced a lavish palace complex, whose style and detail inspired many subsequent designs in England and Wales.

Henry revered and venerated the Saxon King St. Edward the Confessor, who had been canonised in 1161, even having a mural painted of him in his bedchamber. He possessed a mania for building and his life's work was the re-building of Westminster Abbey, first built by King Edward.

In 1269, the new Abbey was consecrated, and Edward the Confessor's body reburied there in a rich and imposing shrine. Henry III himself helped carry the Confessor's coffin to its new resting place.

Three years later Henry III himself died at his Palace of Westminster on 16 November 1272, aged sixty- five and became the first of the Plantagenets to be buried within the Abbey, which was later to become the mausoleum of England's monarchs. His tomb, made by Cosmati marblers, lies by Edward the Confessor's shrine. His body was temporarily laid to rest in the tomb of Edward the Confessor while his sarcophagus was constructed. Henry was succeeded by his oldest son, Edward I.

The widowhood of Eleanor of Provence

Eleanor of Provence remained in England after the death of her husband, bringing up her grandchildren, Edward's children, Henry and Eleanor and John, the son of her daughter, Beatrice. When her grandson Henry died in her care, she mourned his death greatly, founding Guildford Priory in his memory. Her widowhood was to last for nineteen years.

The Dowager Queen finally entered a convent, along with her granddaughter, Mary, dying at the convent of Amesbury in 1291. Her son, Edward I later erected a tomb there to her memory.

The Ancestry of Henry III

Paternal Grandfather: King Henry II of England

Paternal Great-grandfather: Geoffrey Plantagenet Count of Anjou

Paternal Great-grandmother: Empress Matilda

Paternal Grandmother: Eleanor of Aquitaine

Paternal Great-grandfather: William X, Duke of Aquitaine

Paternal Great-grandmother: Aenor de Châtellerault

Mother: Isabella of Angouleme

Maternal Grandfather: Aymer, Count of Angoulême

Maternal Great-grandfather: William IV Count of Angoulême

Maternal Great-grandmother: Marguerite de Turenne

Maternal Grandmother: Alice of Courtenay

Maternal Great-grandfather: Peter I of Courtenay

Maternal Great-grandmother: Elizabeth of Courtenay

The family of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence

(1) KING EDWARD I (1239-1307) m. Eleanor of Castille (ii) Margaret of France for issue see Edward I

(2) Margaret (1240-1275) m. Alexander III, King of Scots

(3) Beatrice (1242-1275) m. John of Dreux, Earl of Richmond

(4) Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster (1245-1296) m. (i) Aveline de Forz

Anne Mortimer, the forgotten Plantagenet

Inside the Church of All Saints in the small Hertfordshire village of Kings Langley lays the tomb of a young woman whose bloodline flows through 600 years of English monarchy.

Anne de Mortimer was just 20 years old when she died in 1411.

The eldest daughter of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, Anne was born into a powerful aristocratic family. Her family’s bloodline made her a direct descendant of the Plantagenet Kings Edward I and Henry III through her mother, and, more significantly, a descendant of King Edward III through her grandparents, the Earl of March and his wife Philippa, daughter of Edward III’s second son, Lionel Duke of Clarence. Thus her legacy gave her a double descent from the kings of England.

At the time of her birth in 1390, King Richard II was childless and his cousin, Roger Earl of March, Anne’s father, was the heir apparent. However in July 1398 Roger was killed at the Battle of Kells fighting against the Irish and his titles and claim to the crown passed to Anne’s younger brother, Edmund.

A year later in September 1399 Richard II was overthrown and killed by a rebel court faction led by Henry Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. Bolingbroke proclaimed himself King Henry IV and forced Parliament to name his son, Henry (the future King Henry V) as heir to the throne.

The new King recognised the potential threat the Mortimers presented and had Anne’s brothers Edmund and six year old Roger imprisoned at Berkhamsted Castle.

Fortune did not favour Anne and her younger sister Eleanor. They remained with their mother and, according to the sources were poorly treated by the new King. When Anne’s mother died in 1405 the two Mortimer sisters were described as ‘destitute’, Anne’s only income being a £50 per annum grant from the Crown.

In May 1406, sixteen-year-old Anne married her cousin Richard of Conisburgh, grandson of King Edward III and the second son of Edmund of Langley, Duke of York and his wife Isabel, daughter of the King of Castile.

This was not as advantageous a marriage as it would seem, for although being of royal birth, Richard of Conisburgh was cash-poor. His contemporaries referred to him as ‘the poorest of all the earls’.

Their marriage took place hurriedly and in secret, without permission of family or the King and it would be two years before the Pope validated the marriage in the eyes of the Church.

Anne and Richard had two sons, Henry and Richard, and a daughter Isabel. Their first son Henry died in infancy and it was in giving birth to her youngest son Richard Plantagenet in September 1411 at Conisburgh Castle near Doncaster that Anne died aged just 20.

She was laid to rest in the Convent Chapel on the hill in Kings Langley alongside her husband’s father and mother, Edmund of Langley and Isabel of Castile. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries and with the chapel in serious disrepair, the bodies were reburied in the Church of All Saints, lower down in Kings Langley village.

In 1877 the tombs of Edmund of Langley and Isabella of Castile were exhumed. There were found to be three skeletons in all the third was in a separate casket and was that of a younger woman under 30 with auburn hair, believed to be Anne Mortimer.

Descended from Edward III on both his father’s and mother’s side, Anne’s infant son Richard Plantagenet had a powerful claim on the throne of England, especially given the overthrow of Richard II and the tenuous claim of Henry IV. However Henry was adept at crushing rebellions and when he died in 1413, the crown passed unchallenged to his son Henry V.

Two years later, Anne’s husband (now Earl of Cambridge) conspired with other lords to overthrow Henry V in favour of Anne’s brother Edmund Mortimer. It was Edmund himself who passed on details of the plot to the king, as Henry made his final preparations to invade France. On 5th August 1415 Cambridge was beheaded for treason six days later King Henry set sail for France and his destiny at Agincourt.

Although the Earl of Cambridge was executed for treason, Henry did not seize his lands and Anne’s son, the four-year-old Richard Plantagenet inherited both his father’s titles and estates.

In October 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt, Cambridge’s older brother the Duke of York was killed and Anne’s son Richard also became heir to the Dukedom of York. Together with his father’s lands and titles and the Mortimer inheritance, which passed to him on the death of his uncle the Earl of March in 1425, Richard Plantagenet became one of the richest and most powerful nobles in England.

When he grew to manhood, Richard took the title Duke of York and served Henry VI in France and Ireland. However his rivals around the king sought to exclude him from power and in so doing prompted the aristocratic feuds and violence that evolved into a power struggle. This culminated in Richard seeking the crown for himself and his descendants thus was born the Wars of the Roses.

The Duke of York died in 1460 at Sandal Castle near Wakefield, ambushed by his aristocratic rivals and enemies. His son, the eighteen-year-old Edward Earl of March (Anne’s grandson) proclaimed himself king and defeated the forces of Henry VI at Towton in 1461 to establish a Yorkist dynasty on the throne.

Thus through her children and grandchildren, the young woman who lies in the church in Kings Langley played a pivotal part in British history.

She was the grandmother of two English kings (Edward IV and Richard III), great-grandmother of two others (Edward V and Henry VIII) and great-great-grandmother of four other monarchs (King Edward VI and the three Queens Mary I, Elizabeth 1 and Mary Queen of Scots). Indeed, our present Queen and all English royalty since the 16th century can trace their lineage back to her.

Written by Michael Long. I have over 30 years experience teaching History in schools and examiner History to A level. My specialist area is England in the 15th and 16th centuries. I am now a freelance writer and historian.

8 thoughts on &ldquo The Lost Tomb of Henry VIII: Harry and Meghan Walk Over Royal Bones &rdquo

Absolutely excellent article , thanks for writing and posting.
I had the honour of visiting St Georges Chapel last September and as it was a Sunday we went to the morning service. That week I had been on a Henry VIII trail visiting places he had been and where each of his wives had been. So to sit in the pew by the side and look down on this black slab which is Henry VIII tomb was very surreal and hard to imagine he was down there. Having been told about the elaborate tomb that was planed for him and knowing what his character was like made it even more surreal.
I suppose though that those in the know, Henry VIII gets the last laugh as with the black slab where it is it will appear a lot on the TV during the wedding affording Henry free publicity which he would not have got had he been interned in his big original tomb.
Carry on with your great travel guides.
Many Thanks

Thanks Ian. Your kind words are much appreciated. A bit of cheering form the side lines always encourages a writer to write more! It is surreal looking down on Henry’s tomb, after all the stories we have read about him, all that we know, with all those emotions in tow…and yes, I can just see Henry having something to say about being right at the heart of the ceremony on the 19th!

I would imagine that not many are aware of what the black slab represents. Further, I would think that King Henry VIII would be furious to know what lay below the black slab, a cement coffin in ruins, not befitting an king, much less one who is so well known in history!

No..I was very sadden to see Henry coffin is damaged but Jane’s is fine why is that

Hi Tamar! Thanks for stopping by. I don’t think Henry’s coffin was wilfully damaged – as far as I am aware. perhaps for some reason it simply rotted more quickly…Happy to hear any other theories or if anyone knows differently!

Henry’s body exploded due to putrefication which probably accounts for the state of his coffin!n

Hello – lovely site thanks. Can I make a recommendation re having a more peaceful time at Windsor? This is under non- COVID times of course! I would recommend getting there later in the afternoon. All the tour groups rush to get there as early as possible in the morning as they will be squeezing in other sites in one day. If you go mid- late afternoon you have more chance of a less rushed / less crowded experience. You will miss the guard change though…

Henry III

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Henry III, ook genoem Henry of Valois, or (until 1574) duc d’Anjou, (born Sept. 19, 1551, Fontainebleau, France—died Aug. 2, 1589, Saint-Cloud), king of France from 1574, under whose reign the prolonged crisis of the Wars of Religion was made worse by dynastic rivalries arising because the male line of the Valois dynasty was going to die out with him.

The third son of Henry II and Catherine de Médicis, Henry was at first entitled duc d’Anjou. Given command of the royal army against the Huguenots during the reign of his brother, Charles IX, he defeated two Huguenot leaders, the prince de Condé (Louis I de Bourbon) at Jarnac in March 1569 and Gaspard de Coligny at Moncontour in October of that year. Henry was Catherine’s favourite son, much to Charles’s chagrin, and she used her influence to advance his fortunes. In 1572 she presented him as a candidate for the vacant throne of Poland, to which he was finally elected in May 1573. In May 1574, however, Charles died, and Henry abandoned Poland and was crowned at Reims on Feb. 13, 1575. He was married two days later to Louise de Vaudémont, a princess of the house of Lorraine. The marriage proved childless.

The French Wars of Religion (1562–98) continued during Henry III’s reign. In May 1576 he agreed to the Peace of Monsieur, named after the style of his brother François, duc d’Alençon, but his concession to the Huguenots in the Edict of Beaulieu angered the Roman Catholics, who formed the Holy League to protect their own interests. Henry resumed the war against the Huguenots, but the Estates-General, meeting at Blois in 1576, was weary of Henry’s extravagance and refused to grant him the necessary subsidies. The Peace of Bergerac (1577) ended the hostilities temporarily the Huguenots lost some of their liberties by the Edict of Poitiers, and the Holy League was dissolved. In 1584, however, the Roman Catholics were alarmed when the Huguenot leader, Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV), became heir to the throne on the death of Henry III’s brother François, and the League was revived under the leadership of Henri, 3 e duc de Guise.

Henry III, acting on his mother’s advice, tried to placate the Holy League by revoking past edicts that had granted toleration to the Huguenots, but its members regarded him as a lukewarm defender of the faith and tried to depose him. A rising of the people of Paris, a League stronghold, on May 12, 1588 (the Estates-Day of the Barricades), caused the king to flee to Chartres. In December 1588 he took advantage of a meeting of the Estates-General at Blois to have the duc de Guise and his brother Louis, the cardinal of Lorraine, assassinated. This, of course, exacerbated the League’s hostility, and Henry III was compelled to ally himself with Henry of Navarre. Together they laid siege to Paris, but on Aug. 1, 1589, Jacques Clément, a fanatical Jacobin friar, gained admission to the king’s presence and stabbed him. Before he died, Henry, who left no issue, acknowledged Henry of Navarre as his heir.

Henry III had a good intellect, an ingratiating manner, cultivated tastes, and a gift for oratory but could not save France from civil war. He issued ordinances designed to correct many of the financial and judicial problems of the country, but he refused to exert the effort needed to enforce them. He was more attentive to the trappings of power than to its substance and he lost the sympathy of powerful elements by his aloofness at court and by the favours he conferred upon his mignons, a small group of handsome young men with whom he indulged in questionable excesses. Above all, he was so extravagant as virtually to bankrupt his kingdom.

Westminster Abbey

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Henry III

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Henry III, (born October 1, 1207, Winchester, Hampshire, Eng.—died November 16, 1272, London), king of England from 1216 to 1272. In the 24 years (1234–58) during which he had effective control of the government, he displayed such indifference to tradition that the barons finally forced him to agree to a series of major reforms, the Provisions of Oxford (1258).

The elder son and heir of King John (ruled 1199–1216), Henry was nine years old when his father died. At that time London and much of eastern England were in the hands of rebel barons led by Prince Louis (later King Louis VIII of France), son of the French king Philip II Augustus. A council of regency presided over by the venerable William Marshal, 1st earl of Pembroke, was formed to rule for Henry by 1217 the rebels had been defeated and Louis forced to withdraw from England. After Pembroke’s death in 1219 Hubert de Burgh ran the government until he was dismissed by Henry in 1232. Two ambitious Frenchmen, Peter des Roches and Peter des Rivaux, then dominated Henry’s regime until the barons brought about their expulsion in 1234. That event marked the beginning of Henry’s personal rule.

Although Henry was charitable and cultured, he lacked the ability to rule effectively. In diplomatic and military affairs he proved to be arrogant yet cowardly, ambitious yet impractical. The breach between the King and his barons began as early as 1237, when the barons expressed outrage at the influence exercised over the government by Henry’s Savoyard relatives. The marriage arranged (1238) by Henry between his sister, Eleanor, and his brilliant young French favourite, Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, increased foreign influence and further aroused the nobility’s hostility. In 1242 Henry’s Lusignan half brothers involved him in a costly and disastrous military venture in France. The barons then began to demand a voice in selecting Henry’s counsellors, but the King repeatedly rejected their proposal. Finally, in 1254 Henry made a serious blunder. He concluded an agreement with Pope Innocent IV (pope 1243–54), offering to finance papal wars in Sicily if the Pope would grant his infant son, Edmund, the Sicilian crown. Four years later Pope Alexander IV (pope 1254–61) threatened to excommunicate Henry for failing to meet this financial obligation. Henry appealed to the barons for funds, but they agreed to cooperate only if he would accept far-reaching reforms. These measures, the Provisions of Oxford, provided for the creation of a 15-member privy council, selected (indirectly) by the barons, to advise the King and oversee the entire administration. The barons, however, soon quarrelled among themselves, and Henry seized the opportunity to renounce the Provisions (1261). In April 1264 Montfort, who had emerged as Henry’s major baronial opponent, raised a rebellion the following month he defeated and captured the King and his eldest son, Edward, at the Battle of Lewes (May 14, 1264), Sussex. Montfort ruled England in Henry’s name until he was defeated and killed by Edward at the Battle of Evesham, Worcestershire, in August 1265. Henry, weak and senile, then allowed Edward to take charge of the government. After the King’s death, Edward ascended the throne as King Edward I.

This article was most recently revised and updated by Mic Anderson, Copy Editor.

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