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23 Februarie 1941
Februarie
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> Maart |
Griekeland
Premier Koryzis aanvaar die Britse aanbod van militêre hulp
Afrika
Gratis Franse troepe land in Eritrea
RAFC -opdragte
Gedurende die nag -indringeroperasies deur 23 eskaders in 1941 is verskeie bewerings deur Nieu -Seelandse lugskutters in Blenheims en Havocs gemaak. Ek is geïnteresseerd om meer te wete te kom oor hierdie operasies en as daar meer bewerings gemaak word deur lugskutters, nie net Nieu -Seelanders nie. Die meeste boeke konsentreer op die vlieëniers en dit is moeilik om inligting oor die lugskutters te vind.
Dit is wat ek vandag het (meestal uit die amptelike geskiedenis van Nieu -Seelanders in die RAF en 'n sluiting vir 'die paar'):
Sersant McDermott (J. A. McDermott Wellington gebore Gourock, Skotland, 11 April 1915, klerk het by RNZAF Februarie 1940 aangesluit) het deelgeneem aan aanvalle op twee Duitse bomwerpers in die omgewing van Lille vliegveld, wat beide beskadig is.
Fletcher (W. T. Fletcher, Engeland gebore Wairoa, 14 Oktober 1917, elektrisiën het by RNZAF Februarie 1940 aangesluit) was bekommerd oor 'n ongewone ontmoeting een aand teen die einde van April. Sy Blenheim was naby die Franse kus op sy huisvlug toe 'n groot viermotorige bomwerper op dieselfde baan sien vlieg het. Dit is gou geïdentifiseer as 'n Focke-Wulf Condor op pad uit om die skeepvaart in die Atlantiese Oseaan aan te val. Die Blenheim het toegemaak en losgebrand. Die eerste uitbarstings moes die Condor se bomlading binnegekom het, want daar was 'n verblindende flits en 'n geweldige ontploffing toe die vyand se masjien opblaas. Die Blenheim is rondgeslinger en die lug is vol puin. By die landing ontdek die Britse bemanning een groot stuk pantserplaat, byna drie voet vierkantig, wat uit die voorkant van een van die Blenheim se vlerke steek.
In die nag van 3 Mei het sersant Fletcher gevlieg in 'n verwoesting wat na die Lille -omgewing gegaan het en 'n Junkers 88 en 'n Heinkel 111 beskadig het. Twee nagte later het McDermott deelgeneem aan die vernietiging van 'n Heinkel 111 wat in dieselfde gebied teëgekom het. Fletcher het op die 11de deelgeneem aan 'n ander verlowing toe 'n vyandelike vliegtuig oor die Caen -omgewing beskadig is.
Sersant Campbell (D. B. Campbell, DFM Dargaville gebore Dargaville, 8 Junie 1920 posbode het by RNZAF Februarie 1940 aangesluit) het as lugskutter gevlieg in 'n Havoc van nr. 23-eskader op 'n uitstappie oor die vliegveld Gilze-Rijen. Sewe vyandelike vliegtuie is tydens die patrollie van drie uur gesien en aangeval. Twee is as vernietig en vier beskadig. Hierdie verlowing is goed gedek in 'n sluiting vir 'die paar'. Campbell beweer dat een waarskynlik vernietig en twee beskadig is. Die vlieënier was Plt Off W.A. Bird wat die ander bewerings gemaak het.
Fletchers se vlieënier was waarskynlik Flt Lt Bertie Rex O%B4Bryen Hoare. Die datums van die verbintenisse is dieselfde vir Fletcher en Hoare, maar niks word genoem oor Fletchers wat deelgeneem het aan enige van hierdie bewerings toe ek met 'Aces High' gekontak het nie.
Dit is moeiliker om te bevestig wie die McDermotts-vlieënier was, maar op die eerste twee eise (einde Februarie) is Plt Off A.J. Liefde is heel waarskynlik die vlieënier. Op die aand van 5 Mei is Plt Off S.S. Duff 'n moontlike vlieënier.
Die bevestiging van die name van vlieëniers, meer inligting oor die gevegte en aanbevole lees oor hierdie operasies sal baie waardeer word.
RE: Nagindringerbedrywighede teen 23 vierkante meter 1941
Skrywer: Joss Leclercq (Gas)
Tydstempel:
19:48:50 Dinsdag, 11 Julie 2006
Post:
hallo,
Het u die boek "The Red Eagles - a History of No. 23 Squadron Royal Air Force 1915-1994" deur Peter Rudd gelees / nagegaan? Dit is 'n boek wat self uitgegee is.
Indien nie, kan ek, of iemand anders op die bord, na u kyk.
RE: Nagindringerbedrywighede teen 23 vierkante meter 1941
Skrywer: Joss (gas)
Tydstempel:
12:45:36 Vrydag, 11 Augustus 2006
Post:
hallo,
Bladsy 46 van bogenoemde boek:
"later in die maand [Februarie 1941] het P/O Brown en F/O Love bygedra tot die groot suksesse in Lille, die voormalige aanvallende drie vliegtuie wat nagvliegopleiding gedoen het, en het twee moontlikhede gekry, en twee nagte later het die F/O het die optrede herhaal en 'n moontlike een is beskadig.
F/L B.R. O'Bryen Hoare, wat naam sou maak tydens sy diens by die eskader, en dit inderdaad later sou beveel, het op 'n vliegtuig geskiet en ook gebombardeer. en sy skutter slaan, en steek nog 'n Heinkel 111 aan die brand. "
[F/L Hoare] [op 21 April 1941] het 'n viermotorige vliegtuig, waarskynlik 'n Focke-Wulf Condor, by Achiet aangeval. Hy het tot 50 meter agter toe gesluit en na die ontploffing wat gevolg is, het hy deur die onvriendelike puin gevlieg. "
Nog steeds op bladsy 47, geen datum gegee nie, maar daardie maand het Hoare een vernietig en ander beskadig, P/O Duff het 'n He-111 oor Lille afgeskiet en F/O Ensor het sy telling met nog 'n Ju-88 bygevoeg.
bladsy 51: "Op 12 Augustus was P/O 'Dickie' (onvermydelik!) Bird egter nie onder sulke dwalinge toe hy 'op 5000 voet by Gilze-Rijen aankom' om te vind wat slegs beskryf kan word as die antwoord op 'n Rooi patroon is afgevuur en al die vliegveldligte het aangeskakel en sodoende 20 vliegtuie in die baan onthul. so het die vliegveld ook die oorblywende vliegtuie, maar ongetwyfeld bekommerd oor die risiko van botsing, het hulle aangehou. In totaal het Bird sewe aangeval en twee waarskynlikhede geëis en vier beskadig. vyandelike slagoffers as gevolg daarvan! Die gewere was stil, beperk deur die teenwoordigheid van soveel van hul eie vliegtuie. "
'N Kykie in' Fighter Command -sege eis volume 1 '(wat ek nie het nie) kan meer basiese besonderhede gee, soos' Aces High 'en' That Other Eagles '.
RE: Nagindringerbedrywighede teen 23 vierkante meter 1941
Skrywer: Joss Leclercq (Gas)
Tydstempel:
18:18:37 Vrydag, 11 Augustus 2006
Post:
Alweer ek,
Dit blyk dat een deel van my boodskap afgesny is!
"[F/L HOARE] [op 21 April] het 'n viermotorige vliegtuig aangeval".
Die RAF Fighter Command -oorwinningseise van WW2 is ook volume 2, wat ek het:
25/26: P/O J. Brown, He-111 vernietig, Merwee, ongeveer 23:45
26/27: P/O A.J. Liefde, e/a beskadig, Merville, ongeveer 22:45
26/27: P/O A.J. Liefde, e/a beskadig, Bthune, ongeveer 22:45
21/22 April: F/L B.R. O'B. Hoare: e/a destoyed, St Lger ongeveer 23:30. Ek bevestig dat Achiet en St Lger dieselfde plek is, suid van Arras.
3/4 Mei: Sersant J.B. Raffels Ju-88 vernietig, Evreux, ongeveer 03:20
3/4 Mei: Sersant J.B. Raffels e/a waarskynlik vernietig, Evreux, ongeveer 03:20
3/4 Mei: P/O P.S.B. Ensor, Ju-88 vernietig, Le Bourget, 00:17
3/4 Mei: P/O P.S.B. Ensor, He-111 waarskynlik vernietig, Le Bourget, 00:17
3/4 Mei: F/L B.R. O'B. Hoare, Ju-88 beskadig, naby Lille, onbekend
3/4 Mei: F/L B.R. O'B. Hoare, He-111 beskadig, naby Lille, onbekend
4/5 Mei: F/O P.S.B. Ensor, He-111 waarskynlik vernietig, Caen ongeveer 04:45
4/5 Mei: F/O P.S.B. Ensor, He-111 beskadig, Caen ongeveer 04:45
4/5 Mei: F/O P.S.B. Ensor, e/a beskadig, Caen ongeveer 04:45
5/6 Mei: P/O S.S. Duff, He-111 vernietig, Vitry-en-Artois, onbekend
6/7 Mei: F/L B.R. O'B. Hoare, e/a waarskynlik vernietig, Villacoublay, ongeveer 04:15
7/8 Mei: F/O P.S.B. Ensor, He-111 vernietig, Brussel, ongeveer 03:45
10/11 Mei: F/L B.R. O'B. Hoare, e/a beskadig, Oostende, ongeveer 02:30
10/11 Mei: F/O P.S.B. Ensor, Ju-88 vernietig, Beauvais, ongeveer 03:30
12/13 Augustus: P/O W.A. Bird is die enigste vlieënier wat oor Gilze-Rijen, ongeveer 03:00, beweer dat 2 e/a vermoedelik vernietig en 4 beskadig is.
RE: Nagindringerbedrywighede teen 23 vierkante meter 1941
Skrywer: phasselgren
Tydstempel:
18:18:21 Woensdag, 11 Oktober 2006
Post:
Joss en Joss,
Baie dankie vir u hulp. Ek is min met my antwoord, want ek was weg van die huis af.
Die boek "The Red Eagles" lyk belowend; is daar inligting oor die bemanningslede wat saam met Brown, Love, Hoare en Raffels gevlieg het? Ek het Ensors se bemanningslede gevind by Tony Wood%B4s RAF Fighter Commands Combats & Casualties.
Ek het ook 'n paar inligting gevind in "These Other Eagles" en "Aces High".
Volgens "Die ander arende" was Ralph Connolly die radaroperateur na Duff in die nag 5/6 Mei 41, maar ek was onder die indruk dat indringer a/c sonder radar vlieg. Dit noem ook sers Leonard Langley as radaroperateur vir Raffles.
Ek het vandag 23 Squadron Forum op die internet gevind en ek sal kyk of ek meer inligting daar kan kry.
Rocky Mountain News
23 April 1859
Die eerste uitgawe van William Byers se koerant, die Rocky Mountain News, kom uit die pers en verslaan 'n mededinger, die 'Cherry Creek Pioneer', met 20 minute.
September - Desember 1859
The Rocky beweeg twee keer, van die solder van oom Dick Wooten se salon in 1413-15 11th Street na 'n houthuis in 14th en Market Street, en dan na 13th en Walnut.
Augustus 1860
The Rocky verander van 'n weeklikse na 'n daaglikse koerant. Dit beweeg na 'n gebou wat op stelte in die middel van Cherry Creek, naby 13th en Market, verhewe is.
Mei 1864
Die gebou op stelte word meegesleur deur 'n blitsvloed.
1866
Na veelvuldige bewegings vestig die Rocky hom in 'n baksteengebou genaamd die 'News Block' naby die 16de en Larimerstraat waar dit tot 1887 bly.
Julie 1870
The Rocky verander van 'n aand na 'n oggendkoerant.
1878
Byers verkoop die koerant aan die spoorwegmagnaat W.A.H. in Colorado. Loveland, wat moderniseer met telefone, setmasjiene en draaddienste.
1887
Onder nuwe eienaars skuif die koerant na die suidwestelike hoek van 17de en Curtisstraat.
1898
Die eerste foto's word in die Rocky weergegee.
1901
Die eerste opskrifte van rooi ink verskyn in die Rocky, en is tot 1933 gebruik. Die koerant skuif na Weltonstraat 1720.
November 1926
Scripps Howard Company koop die Rocky.
April 1942
The Rocky verander die formaat van 'n breëblad na 'n poniekoerant, onder bevel van die nuwe redakteur, Jack Foster. Dit het gehelp om die koerant, wat in die vroeë veertigerjare op lewensondersteuning was, te laat herleef.
Junie 1952
The Rocky verhuis van Weltonstraat na 400 W. Colfaxlaan.
Maart 1993
The Rocky bied 'n nuut ontwerpte, volkleur koerant aan.
April 2000
Die koerant wen sy eerste Pulitzer -prys vir fotografie vir die dekking van die skietery in Columbine High School in 1999.
Mei 2000
Die Rocky Mountain News en Denver Post stem saam tot 'n gesamentlike bedryfsooreenkoms wat advertensies, verspreiding en produksie -afdelings kombineer, terwyl twee onafhanklike nuuskamers behoue bly.
1 April 2001
The Rocky publiseer sy laaste Sondag -uitgawe. Ingevolge die ooreenkoms het die Rocky 'n Saterdag -uitgawe gepubliseer en die Denver Post die Sondag -uitgawe.
April 2003
The Rocky wen 'n Pulitzer vir nuusfoto's vir sy foto's van Colorado se veldbrandseisoen in 2002.
Maart 2006
Daaglikse oplaag: 255,427.
April 2006
Die rocky -verslaggewer Jim Sheeler en die fotograaf Todd Heisler ontvang Pulitzers vir 'Final Salute', 'n verslag oor 'n mariene majoor wat geliefdes in kennis stel van militêre sterftes tydens hul plig.
23 Januarie 2007
Die Rocky is herontwerp tot 'n kleiner tydskrifformaat, met 'n herontwerpte mastkop en nog vele meer kleurfoto's. Die herontwerp was die gevolg van nuwe drukperse, wat ongeveer 25% vinniger kon werk.
4 Desember 2008
Scripps kondig planne aan om 'n koper vir die Rocky te soek.
29 Januarie 2009
Rocky -personeel en gemeenskapsondersteuners hou 'n kerswaak om hul steun aan die koerant te wys.
27 Februarie 2009
Laaste uitgawe van die Rocky Mountain News.
Die geskiedenis van Britse winters
Geskryf deur D.Fauvell en I. Simpson, dek hierdie blad die vele winters van die 17de eeu tot vandag toe. Dit bevat die 'klein ystydperk' wat baie mense graag weer wil sien!
1616: Warm somer met droogte soortgelyk aan dié van 1612
1620-21: Rypskou gehou op die Teems
1635: Erge winter, Thames vries oor
1636: Erge droogte, maande lank reënloos (na bewering)
1638: Dit hou nie soveel verband met die winter nie, maar daar word tornado's in Suidwes aangemeld.
1644: Laat Januarie sneeuval, het 8 dae geduur
1648: Interessant genoeg was dit baie nat, en die somer is beskryf as 'erger as sommige van die vorige winters'. Dit was koel en nat!
1648-49: Thames vries oor
1657-58: Begin met 'n tydperk van lang lêende sneeu, van Desember tot Maart!
1658: 'n 'Wilde stormagtige nag' toe dakke afgeblaas is, asook skoorstene. Opgemerk as die aand toe Oliver Cromwell sterf.
1662-67: 3 van 5 winters in hierdie tydperk is beskryf as koud, met erge ryp. Skating is op die Teems gelanseer, ter wille van koning Charles 2de.
1664-65: Na bewering die koudste dag ooit in Engeland, met 'n ernstige ryp wat ongeveer 2 maande duur.
1665: In November word 'n diepe depressie aangeteken, moontlik die laagste in Londen, van 931 millibar! Staan dit vandag nog?
1666-67: Teems bedek met ys
1669: 'n Koue jaar met betrekking tot die sagteres wat dit doen. Thames vries weer.
1674: Maart sneeuval, duur 13 dae, beskryf as 'Die dertien drywende dae'. Die meeste skape het ongelukkig omgekom.
1676: Junie buitengewoon warm (let op die verband met 1976! Lol)
1677: Thames vries weer! Word 'n gereelde gebeurtenis.
1680-81: Die winter was erg, met baie Paaswinde. Die Paasblaaie het droë lug gebring.
1683-84: As mense nou dink aan 'The Big One' in terme van winters, dink hulle aan 1947,1963, ens. Maar daar was een winter wat albei maklik oortref het! Hierdie winter! Middel Desember begin die 'groot ryp' in die Verenigde Koninkryk en Sentraal -Europa. Die Teems is vroeg in Januarie 1684 tot by die London Bridge gevries. Daar word beweer dat die ryp die langste op rekord was, en waarskynlik ook was. Dit het die Thames 2 maande lank gevries gehou, tot diep in die vriespunt. Naby Manchester het die grond tot 27 duim gevries, en in Somerset tot 'n verstommende 4 voet! Hierdie winter was die koudste in die CET -reeks, op -1,2! (1739-40 was -0.4) Hierdie winter is beskryf deur R. D. Blackmore, in sy boek 'Lorna Doone'. In die middel van Februarie was daar 'n ontdooiing.
1688-89: Lang en ernstige ryp, Thames vries oor.
1690-99: 6 uit 10 van die winters in hierdie tydperk is as ernstig beskryf, te oordeel na hul CET. Dit beteken dat hul gemiddelde temperature vir Desember, Januarie, Februarie en Maart onder 3c was. 1694-95 kondig diep sneeu aan, met val van aanhoudende sneeu wat Londen beïnvloed. Dit duur vyf weke, tesame met die bevriesing van die Teems. Hierdie swaar sneeu- en ryp -tema het 'n goeie tyd aangehou. Daar word vermoed dat 1695 een van die koudste jare was wat ooit aangeteken is; die erge sneeuwinter het ongeveer middel April geëindig, toe het arktiese see -ys om die hele kus van Ysland gestrek! 1695-96 het -23c (?) In die Verenigde Koninkryk gesien. 'N Ernstige winter. Die herfs van 1697 was baie koud, met sneeu wat aanhou en ys vorm. Die winter van 1697-98 was erg, met 'n CET van ongeveer 1c. Sneeu en ys opgebou. Ys aan die kusgebiede het tot 8 sentimeter in dele opgebou. Lente baie koud. Oor die algemeen was die laat 1600's baie koud, en mense is waarskynlik erg daardeur geraak. Die koue het waarskynlik die armes hongersnood gebring, aangesien vee omkom het en oeste misluk het. En sonder sentrale verwarming moes dit in dele ondraaglik gewees het. Die 'Little Ice Age' het sy naam gestand gedoen. Die laaste paar jaar was nie so erg nie, maar die oeste was in die algemeen steeds verwoes namate nat weer die koue oorgeneem het.
Die 1600's was oor die algemeen 'n tydperk van strawwe erge winters en koel/nat fonteine/somers. Op sekere punte was die Teems maande lank gevries, hoewel ek dink dit sou wyer gewees het dan (?) En vlak (?), So makliker om te vries as die temperature reg was.
Nuwe eeu, soortgelyke patroon ..
November 1703: 'n 'Groot storm' in Engeland, hoewel dit vermoedelik die ergste in die rekordboeke is, wil ek geen inligting daaroor soek nie, aangesien daar geen sneeuval gekom het nie!
1708: Die koudste lente, somer en herfs vir 47 jaar, behalwe 1698! (sien deel 2)
1708-09: Erge winter, die ryp duur meer as 3 maande! Temperature het tot -18c gedaal. Thames vries weer in Londen! Erge winter volgens CET -waardes (1.2c).
1715-16: Teems gevries vir 2 maande, rypbeurs het plaasgevind. Ice on Thames in Londen het 'n vloedgety ongeveer 15 meter gelig, maar het ongeskonde gebly! Die ys moes verstommend sterk gewees het.
1728-29: Erge winter, ryp en sneeu het minstens 'n maand lank gebly. Baie koel lente.
1731: Baie droog, na 'n 'groot ryp' aan die begin van die jaar. Baie koue eerste periode van die jaar, met baie sneeu en ys. Londen het -18c aangeteken. 'N Warm somer. Hierdie jaar lyk baie naby 2003, baie droog, met 'n minimum van -18 aangeteken in Londen (-18c aangeteken in Aviemore Januarie vanjaar? (2003)) gevolg deur 'n warm somer (ons het warm geword 100F bereik en oortree) Maar die ooreenkomste is duidelik, veral aan die kant van droogte.
1739: Oktober, oostelike wind wat ryp is. Die begin van 'n ander 'Big One!'.
1739-40: Erge winter, een van die ergste. Miskien was dit erger as dié van 1715 (?). Aan die einde van Desember was daar 'n sterk oostelike stormwind, wat baie koue lug oor die VK laat opkom. Ys het weer op die Teems gevorm. Strate was versper met ys en sneeu, wat reis gevaarlik gemaak het. Die Thames het ongeveer 8 weke (?) Bevrore gebly. Sommige berigte het gesê dat hierdie winter die ernstigste op rekord was, met temperature wat vroeg in Januarie tot -24c gedaal het (1995 klop dit en hou die rekord vir die koudste minimum in die VK ooit). Die oostelike storm het voortgeduur, met sneeu en ryp 'n toenemende gevaar vir almal. Noordelikes het ook begin, baie sterk, met weer sneeu en ys. Hierdie winter kan beskou word as een van die ernstigste van alle tye (sedert rekords begin het).
1740: Koudste Oktober op rekord, met ys wat reeds in dele gevorm het. 1740 was in sy geheel baie koud, die lente was ook koud.
1742: Ys in die Teems, weereens baie koud.
1748: Erge ryp in November in Londen en die Suide.
1749: Erge ryp in November, weer in die suide en Londen.
1762: Sneeu val vroeg (einde Oktober) in Londen en die Suide.
1762-63: Intense ryp en sterk Paasfees het van Kersdag tot Januarie in Londen en die Suide geheers.
1765-66: Erge winter, koue het van vroeg (November) tot Februarie aangehou.
Vroeg 1767 en 1768: Begin met ryp wat vergelykbaar is met dié van 1739-40.
1768: Januarie het ernstige ryp en diep sneeu beleef.
1770: Laat sneeu (Mei) in Suid.
1775-76: Erge winter. Van vroeg in Januarie tot begin Februarie was baie van die VK en Europa baie koud. Die Teems vries. Stormagtige Februarie het gevolg.
1779-80: Erge winter. Koudste winter in die reeks in Edinburgh (reeks van 1764-65 tot 1962-63)
1783-86: Twee opeenvolgende ernstige winters. Die Teems vries heeltemal in albei, byna aanhoudende ryp duur van vroeg tot laat winter. Sneeu het so lank as 4 maande gebly. Dit word toegeskryf aan 'n Yslandse vulkaniese uitbarsting, hoewel besonderhede hieroor skraal is. Swaar sneeu het ook vroeg in beide jare geval, met sneeu wat reeds in Oktober geval het. 1784 was oor die algemeen 'n koue jaar. Slym is in Augustus naby die kus van die Moray Firth aangeteken! Swaar sneeu het in Oktober in die Suide geval. Die jaar was ingedeel in die top 10 koudste jare wat in die CET -reeks aangeteken is. 1785 was baie droog en koud, met weer vroeë sneeu in Oktober. 1786 het 'n baie droë somer gehad en was van September tot November aanhoudend koud.
1788-89: Lang ryp wat van einde November tot begin Januarie duur. Die Teems het heeltemal gevries, en 'n 'frsot Fair' is daarop gehou.
1794-95: buitengewoon strawwe winter. Die koue begin op Oukersaand en duur tot einde Maart, met 'n paar tydelike pouses. Januarie was besonder koud, met 'n CET van 0.8c. Dit was die koudste Januarie in die instrumentale era, begin 1659. Die Severn en Theems het gevries, en 'Frost Fairs' het weer begin. 'N Uiters bitter temperatuur van -21c is op 25 Januarie in Londen aangeteken. Begin Februarie was daar 'n vinnige, maar slegs tydelike ontdooiing. Oorstromings het ontstaan. Die erge koue het effens later (middel Februarie) teruggekeer en tot in Maart voortgeduur. Daar was baie aangeteken sneeu -gebeurtenisse. Die winter was antisiklonies (hoogdruk oorheers) en Paasfees was deurgaans oorheersend. In Skotland was dit die sewende koudste in Edinburgh in die reeks 1764/65 1962/63. (koudste 1779/80). Die winter was vir almal onvergeetlik.
1796: Desember was erg, met ryp in Londen en elders. -21c is in Londen aangeteken, net soos -19c.
1798-99: Erge ryp duur van einde Desember tot begin Januarie in Londen en die Suide. Erge sneeuval is aangeteken, veral in Noordoos -Skotland, waar vervoer 'n geruime tyd ontwrig is.
1799: Die lente was baie koud en dit word aangeteken as baie koud in die CET -reeks.
Een ding wat ek opgemerk het oor die 1700's, is hul winters wat deur Paasfees gedomineer word. Verlede winter het ons dit in kleiner skaal hier in die VK gesien. Die meeste rekords het destyds uit Londen gekom, en so wydverspreide besonderhede was nie beskikbaar nie. As dit so was, dink ek dat die platteland in die sentrale en noordelike dele moontlik baie koue minimums en maksimums gehad het, moontlik in die middel van die 20's hieronder, soos dié van 1995. 'n Opset soos die van 1794-95 kan binnekort weer gebeur as High Druk vestig hom in Groenland en Skandinawië. Dit is iets om na te kyk in die komende winter, hoewel 'n winter op dieselfde skaal as 1794-95 baie onwaarskynlik is, aangesien dit uiterst was, selfs vir die 'klein ystydperk'!
Nuwe eeu! 'N Paar groot winters hierdie eeu
1811: 'n Laat begin vir ernstige winters in die 1800's, maar in Januarie 1811 het die Teems weer gevries!
1812: 'n Jaar later, en hierdie keer Maart. 1 voet sneeu het geval in Skotland, rondom die stad Edinburgh (ek dink Edinburgh en Londen het die meeste weerrekords van enige plek in die VK gehad vanweë hul frekwensie in die opsporing van data), gevolg deur 'n storm in die noordoostelike rigting!
1813-1814: Ek het ongeveer 3-4 jaar gelede nog nie veel van die winters van die 1800's gehoor nie, maar ek het dit gehad weens die erge koue. Een van die 4/5 koudste winters in die CET -reeks. Kouer winters ingesluit: 1962-63 (sien deel 1739-40 (sien deel 3) en die koudste, 1683-84 (sien deel 2) 'Lorna Doone'. 'N Onvergeetlike winter algehele. Januarie tot Maart was baie koud. Januarie het 'n CET van -2,9 (derde koudste sedert rekords begin het?) Die volgende vergelykbare jaar in terme van koue weer was 1962-63. Die gety van die Teems het vir oulaas gevries, die ou London Bridge is verwyder en ander faktore het help toeneem die riviere vloei en verhoed dat ys weer vorm. As dit nou dieselfde was as destyds, sou ons nog steeds sien dit word gevries. 'n Rypbeurs is op die Teems gehou, moontlik die laaste 'groot'. Die ryp begin in laat Desember, nader aan die nuwe jaar. Dik mis kom saam met die ryp, soos destyds in Londen algemeen was. Waarskynlik een van die sneeuigste winters die afgelope 300 jaar, alhoewel 1947 waarskynlik sneeu was. Swaar sneeu het 2 -3 dae vroeg in Januarie, voor 'n tydelike ontdooiing van 1 dag. Toe kom die ryp net terug, moontlik erger as wat dit was vanweë die sneeubedekking, en het tot vroeg in Februarie aangehou. 'N Ontdooiing volg later, en ys wat langs die rivier dryf, het skepe beskadig. Mis was ook 'n gevaar, en dit neem lank om op te ruim, wat van einde Desember tot begin Januarie geduur het, 'n ongewone gebeurtenis. Die sigbaarheid was soms tot 20 meter! Verkeer beweeg skaars, en reis word baie gevaarlik. Die mis het opgeklaar ná 'n noordelike storm vroeg in Januarie, toe swaar sneeu geval het. 'N Erge en baie sneeu winter.
1816: Sneeu, wat bekend staan as die jaar sonder somer, het baie laat geval en die somer het nooit herstel nie. Die winterproses was erg. 'N Vulkaniese uitbarsting (Tambora: Oos -Indië) het die windpatrone en -temperature baie ontwrig, wat die spore van depressies beïnvloed het, wat verder suid as gewoonlik gevolg het, en die VK baie koud en nat gemaak het vir die somer en daarna. Skotland was egter droër, 'n duidelike teken dat die depressie van spoor verander het. In September het die Teems gevries! Sneeudrywe het tot einde Julie op die heuwels gebly!
1819-20: Erge winter. -23c is by Tunbridge Wells aangeteken, hoewel geen besonderhede van blootstelling duidelik is nie.
1821: Laat Mei sneeu in Londen, waarskynlik die jongste sneeuval daar tot 2 Junie 1975.
1822-23: Erge winter, ys op die Teems teen einde Desember. Op 8 Februarie het 'n groot sneeustorm in Noord -Engeland plaasgevind. Mense moes deur die sneeu tonnel.
1825: Sneeu val in Oktober in Londen. 'N Baie winderige tyd, met stormskade wat skade aanrig.
1829: 'n Koue jaar. Deurlopende ryp gedurende Januarie. Die somer was nat en redelik koud. Begin Oktober het meer as 'n duim sneeu geval, hoewel dit nie seker is nie, waarskynlik Londen. 6 duim het einde November in Londen en die suide geval. In die noordelike en oostelike rigting het stormwinde skepe beskadig en sommige verloor.
1829-30: Erge winter. Deurlopende ryp van 23 tot 31 Desember, 12 tot 19 Januarie en 31 Januarie tot 6 Februarie. Ys op die Teems van einde Desember tot einde Januarie. Sommige plekke is heeltemal geblokkeer. 25 Desember 1830 was koud, met -12c aangeteken in Greenwich.
1834-38: Sneeuwinter in Skotland. Sneeu het tot in Maart geduur, met 8 of 9 voet sneeu wat gedeeltelik gerapporteer is! Hierdie neiging het gedurende 'n aantal winters voortgeduur, met baie sneeu in Skotland. Van die vroeë winter, Desember tot laat winter, Maart, was sneeu 'n probleem. Daar was aansienlike ophopings wat die hele winter algemeen geword het. Sneeu het wyd geval, maar meestal in die noorde van Skotland, waar ophopings baie groot was tot in April. 1836-37 was nog 'n sneeuwinter in die reeks, met swaar sneeuvalle in Januarie. Blizzards begin einde Februarie en duur tot in Maart. Vervoer is erg ontwrig en die oes is deur erge ryp beskadig. Hierdie reeks winters was veral vir Skotland ernstig en opvallend, maar ook elders erg. Die opvallendste van die sneeustorms is:
Oktober 1836 het sneeu 'n diepte van 5-6 duim bereik, baie ongewoon.
Op 25 Desember 1836 het paaie onbegaanbaar geword, sneeu-dieptes het op baie plekke 'n verbysterende 5-15 voet bereik, en die mees verstommende is afwykings van 20-50 voet.
1837-38: Murphys se winter. Patrick Murphy het roem en 'n klein fortuin gewen uit die verkoop van 'n almanak waarin hy die erge ryp van Januarie 1838 voorspel het ('n 2 maande ysige tydperk wat begin het met 'n ligte SE wind en 'n goeie dag met ryp ryp op die 7de (of 8ste) Januarie) (aangehaal vanaf 'n webblad). Op 20 Januarie was die temperature so laag as -16c in Londen, aanvaar as die koudste wat hier in die 19de eeu aangeteken is. -20 aangeteken by Blackheath, en -26c in Beckenham, Kent. Die temperatuur by Greenwich was -11c teen die middag. Die Teems vries oor.
1838: Sneeubuie op 13 Oktober, moontlik in Londen en die Suide.
1849: April, groot sneeustorm tref Suid -Engeland. Afrigters begrawe in drifte. Veral laat sneeuval.
1851-53: Die eerste van hierdie winters het swaar sneeu geval in Skotland. In die noorde van Skotland was die eerste van die swaar sneeu. Die spoorlyn van Aberdeen na die suide is erg geraak, maar is oop gehou. Blizzards veroorsaak sterftes. Die storms het teen einde Januarie opgehou. 1852-53 was ook erg, veral in Februarie erg. Lae temperature en swaar sneeuval het die meeste tot in Maart geduur.
Dankie aan die Bonacina sneeuval katalogus, vir sy inligting! Uitstekende hulpbron. Nou om voort te gaan.
1875-76: 'n Ongelooflike sneeu-winter vir die Verenigde Koninkryk, veral die Suidoos vroeg, het die eerste week van Desember op sommige plekke 1-2 voet gestort, die ergste in die suidooste. Maart van hierdie maand het baie sneeustorms gehad, en April het byna 2 voet sneeu in die Midlands aangeteken! Sneeuval is aangeteken (op 'n noemenswaardige skaal), in November, Desember, Januarie, Februarie, Maart, April en Mei! Ek sou hierdie winter as baie sneeu beskou.
1878-79: Nog 'n sneeu! In die noorde het sneeubedekking 3 maande lank gebly! Sneeu aangeteken in November, Desember, Januarie, Februarie, Maart en April! Baie sneeu
1880-81: Nou het ek hierdie een nie bygevoeg vir die groot hoeveelheid sneeu wat dit aangeteken het nie (hoewel dit nog steeds sneeu was!) Ek het dit bygevoeg weens die vroeë sneeuval! 6 duim sneeu het in Oktober in Londen geval! In Januarie het 3ft vlak sneeu geval van East Devon na die Isle of Wight! Daar was 10ft dryf in Evesham, en Dartmoor het 4ft aangeteken. Baie sneeu
Interessant genoeg was 1881-82 glad nie sneeu nie!
1885-1886: Sneeu val in Oktober, November, Desember, Januarie, Februarie, Maart, April en Mei! Londen het vroeg in Januarie 1 voet sneeu binne 7 uur aangeteken. In die noorde het 'n sneeustorm 2 voet sneeu wyd gestort, en in Mei het die noorde van Engeland sterk geval. Baie sneeu
1878-80: 2 voet sneeu het in Oktober in Oxford geval! 'N Woeste sneeustorm het in Maart in die Noordooste gewoed. 10 Junie sneeu in Skotland, van 6 duim! Na berig word 11 Julie sneeu in die suide en ooste, en Keswick het sneeu bo 1000 voet gesien.
Van 1895-1899 het die Verenigde Koninkryk vier agtereenvolgende jare min/gemiddelde sneeu geval, waarvan die enigste noemenswaardige val 1ft in die oostelike ruggraat van die land was. In 1899-00 was daar algemene sneeu van 1ft, 2ft op plekke. Die daaropvolgende jaar was ook nie uitsonderlik nie, alhoewel 5-7 voet sneeu in Noord-Wallis en Noord-Engeland aangeteken is. Beide jare was sneeu.
Nuwe eeu, 'n paar baie beroemde winters hier.
Vanaf 1901-07 was sneeuvalle weer net min /gemiddeld, wat meer as 'n ooreenkoms met die 90's was. 'N Paar swaar val is egter aangeteken.
1907-08: Norfolk en Suffolk het 1 voet sneeu aangeteken op 23 April, Berkshire, Oxfordshire en Hertfordshire, ongeveer 2 voet later. 1908-09: Feitlik dieselfde as die volgende jaar, albei sneeu, met 08-09 sneeu in Suidoos-Engeland in Maart, en vooraf 'n groot sneeu in Februarie, wat feitlik oral raak!
As 'n geheel, in die middel van die 1800's, waar baie sneeu (die klein ystydperk eindig), maar hoe nader die einde van die eeu gekom het, hoe kleiner het die sneeuvalle geword, tot in die vroeë 1900's, was dit min of gemiddeld, wat die 90's navolg. Dit lyk asof die einde en begin van eeue min sneeu bevat, terwyl die middelste twee kwartjies baie kry. Die patroon gaan voort. 1909-15 het min of gemiddelde sneeuval aangeteken, niks om oor huis toe te skryf nie, behalwe 'n paar val tot 2,5 m, maar geen werklike konsekwentheid in die koue/sneeu periodes nie. Londen het in 1912-13 feitlik geen sneeuval gekry nie, terwyl Noord-Brittanje redelik sneeu was. Hierdie dekade was ver van goed vir sneeuliefhebbers! Ek wed dat hulle weer begin praat het oor geen sneeu meer vir die Verenigde Koninkryk nie, soos ons nou doen. Wys hoe verkeerd hulle was.
Die sneeu droogte het skielik in 1916 geëindig, met enorme sneeuval in die berge, 10 voet in die Pennines, Black Mountains en die High Peak District. Verskeie algemene sneeustortings is aangeteken. 'N Baie sneeujaar.
1916-17: 'n Paar goeie sneeujare nagevolg. Die Midlands en Suidwes het groot valle van tot 14 duim aangeteken, en in Suid- en Wes -Ierland het Cheviot Blizzard plaasgevind. Die Hoogland het ook vanjaar baie sneeu beleef. 'N Baie sneeujaar.
1917-18 was gemiddeld, terwyl 1918-2020 twee keer diep sneeu in Londen gesien het, een val 9 duim. Skotland het ook groot valle aangetref, net soos die Midlands en Noord -Engeland. September was sneeu in Dartmoor! 'N Sneeuperiode.
1920-23 was min of gemiddeld. 1 voet sneeu het in Plymouth geval en in Suid -Engeland was daar 6 duim+ wydverspreid. Einde Maart was daar 'n sneeustorm in Skotland, Noord- en Wes -Engeland, Suid -Wallis (yippee!) En Suidwes -Engeland.
1923-24: min sneeu in die suidweste, maar Braemar in Skotland het in November 2,5 voet sneeu gesien! Daar was sneeu op my verjaardag (9 Januarie) in Londen, en einde Februarie in Skotland. 'N Sneeujaar.
1925-26: Late November saw snow in London, East Anglia, and North East England, Norwich recording 7 inches. There was also notable snow in mid January, and also mid May in the Cotswolds! Snowy.
1927-28: Snow fell mid December in England and Wales, and on Christmas day through Boxing day, a blizzard raged in Southern England, from Kent to Cornwall. 1-2ft of snow fell, with 20ft drifts on Salisbury Plain! Christmas day must have been phenomenal! Snow fell mid March in the East. Very Snowy.
1928-29: A lot of snow fell in the West late December, again the West fared best in mid February, with Wales and the West Midlands getting it good! 6ft fell in 15hrs on Dartmoor ( Holne Chase ) mid February. Snowy.
1930-31: February opened well, with 2ft of Snow in Northern England and Scotland, and later on snow fell generally ( early March ) with 18 inches falling on Orkney. Snowy.
1931-32: Little snow. In fact probably Scotland's most snowless winter in memory! No real snow to note.
1932-33: Late October, snow fell in Scotland, an early start to the skiing season! Late February there was a Great Blizzard, for Ireland, Wales, South West England, Northern England, and the Midlands. Whipsnade recorded 2ft of snow, Harrogate and Huddersfield 30 inches, Buxton 28 inches! Very Snowy.
1936-37: Early December saw snow in Scotland, predominantly the North. Late February saw the next big snowfall, with a blizzard in many parts, 1ft recorded in Northern England and Scotland. Early March saw snow for Southern England. A blizzard swept through the whole northern portion of the UK in mid March. Snowy.
1937-42: These years were all snowy, with numerous falls of 1-2ft, and occasional falls (such as 194-41) in which snow depths of up to 16 foot (drifts) were recorded. Places worst affected by this mini outbreak of snowy winters were Scotland and Northern England, but the South was also quite badly affected, more particularly the South West and Wales. 1939-40 saw the supposed 'blizzard of the decade' in Scotland and England when in late January snow fell widely, excluding only some areas. The snowy period ended in 1942-43, when little snow was recorded the next 2 winters.
1944-45: Mid December saw snow in Western Scotland, although the amount isn't clear. In the first half of January, snow reached a depth of 2ft in Bellingham. Late January saw South Wales, and South West England bear the brunt (yippee!) with 1-2ft falling in this area, Cardiff seeing an amazing 30inches! Northern England and Southern Scotland also saw some snow late January, although again, details are sketchy. Very snowy.
1946-47: The year you've most probably been waiting for! One of the snowiest winters to date, probably the worst since 1814 (see part 5). Snow fell on the 19th December in Southern England. Then there was a notable mild spell, extremely mild in parts, with 14c being reached by day. Then from the 22nd January, it began! There was continuous snow cover from this date, right up till 17th March! Late January saw 7 inches of snow in South West England and the Scilly Isles (unusual). Early February saw the turn of the Midlands (Southern) and East Anglia, while Northern England, North Wales and Eastern Scotland saw snow in late February. In early March there was a blizzard in England and Wales, with 1ft widely, and 5ft accumulated on the hills! 12th March saw snow for the Border Country. 1946-47 was strange, because it started up late, and lasted a long time. I think 2003-04 will mirror 1947 in lots of ways, mainly in terms of snowfall, but not so extreme and long lasting. Very snowy.
1947-50: Little or average snowfall, although some large falls of up to 12 inches.
1950-51: The year my mum was born (1951), and a big weather event also took place! This winter will be remembered as the snowiest winter of last century at high levels. There were 102 days of lying snow at Dalwhinnie (1000ft) (83 days reputedly in 1946-47) 15th December saw 15 inches of snow In Shanklin, IOW, in 3.5 hours! Bournemouth saw 10 inches, Scarborough and Lowestoft, 14 inches. Snowy.
1951-54: Average years in terms of snowfall, though one noteworthy fall of 1ft in Wales and the Southern Midlands ( late November ) with drifts of 30 feet. Some other falls of 12 inches at the end of this period.
1954-56: 2 snowy winters, Aberdeen seeing 2ft of the white stuff in December 1954. Early January 1955 seeing general snow of about 4-12 inches. Mid January was snowy as well, with falls of 5ft in Blackpool, Lancashire, and Yorkshire (drifts). Northern Scotland and North East England also seeing large falls, of up to 2 feet. February was generally snowy, although especially in Northern Scotland. Mid May saw snow in the high Pennine regions. December 1955 saw frequent blizzards, affecting Scotland most. The East and North snowiest generally, with Scotland faring the best overall. Snowy.
1957-58: Shoeburyness seeing 23 inches this winter! Snowy. The build up to 1962-63 saw little or average snow though.
1961-62: The year proceeding the 'big' one. Snow in the Christmas week, widespread with London and the South East seeing 6 inches (very similar to last year). Early January in the Midlands saw 14 inches of snow. Snow in March also, especially Scotland, but 10 inches recorded in Jersey! Gemiddeld.
1962-63: A famous winter.Very cold. Mid November saw snow in the South West. Late December (commensing Boxing Day: the start of the bitter cold) saw blizzards in Southern England. London had 12 inches of drifting snow. January and February had widespread falls, especially Devon and North East England with 2ft. Very Snowy. My mum, 12 at the time, and dad, 11, keep telling me stories of how long they were away from school for. The snow in Hampshire was supposedly as deep as the hedgerows were high! People managed to walk on the tops of the frozen shrubbery, rather than risk driving through the deep snow! An amazing winter.
1965-66: The second half of November saw snow in most areas. The next lot came a bit later, late January, in Eastern parts. February, the turn of the North East. April was surprising though, as heavy falls were recorded, exceptionally heavy in parts of Northern England, where up to 1 foot was found! Mid April saw more snow, with 5 inches in the South. Quite remarkable late falls, but other than that, not a spectacular winter as that of 62-63! Still regarded as snowy though I would say.
1968-70: The first of these 2 winters saw snow in late December, around the New Year, in Eastern Scotland and England. Eastern Yorkshire saw a massive 16 inches! Mid February saw more snow, this time more to the West, with England and Wales seeing the most. Mid March saw more in the Pennines, and a TV mast fell down. 69-70 saw snow for Northern England, North Wales, and Scotland in mid November. Mid December saw snow for the North again. Mid February, most parts, and early March, snow in Wales and England, with the Midlands getting 12 inches.
1970-76: Little snow for 6 winters! Ring any bells?! Very similar pattern to the 90s-early 00s, ending the snow drought with a hot summer (76 / 03!) when the snow returned for 1976.
1976-77: Heavy wet snow fell in early December, mid December, and mid January. Mid January also saw some good coverings though, up to 6 inches lying at times.
1977-78: Mid January, 6 foot drifts! A week later, and 4 inches fell. Mid February saw 4 inches also. Late January, heavy snow in Scotland, drifting, 28 inches falling in parts! Mid February (see above) was very snowy in the North East, East and South West. February 11th had 1 ft in Durham and Edinburgh. Feb. 15-16th South West England, blizzard with huge drifts, sounds like my cup of tea!
1978-79: The last really severe, snowy winter, for now anyway, and one my parents go on about! Late December falls of 6-7n inches in Southern Scotland and the North East started it off. It was very cold in parts. Mid February saw drifts of 6-7 feet on the East coast of England. Mid March had severe blizzards and drifting, in North Eastern England drifts reached a staggering 15 feet! Very snowy.
1981-82: Another one my parents go on about! Mid December, South West and Southern England seeing 12 inches. North East England getting 7 inches, with 6 foot drifts. 2 days later (20th December) Northern England got 7 inches, and 6 foot drifts. Mid January, there was general snow, with a cover of 1-2 feet in parts. Snowy, and very cold.
1984-85: Very cold and snowy, especially in Southern England. My parents also go on about this one, as they lived in Hampshire at the time, and my brother was born. It was a very cold winter. Early January, there was snow in Eastern England. Mid January, East Anglia and Kent getting the goods, with 6 inches falling here. Mid January, South West England and South Wales (yippee!). Late January seeing snow in Scotland, and the prone spots, such as Aviemore, getting 2ft of level snow, Northern Britain as a whole affected though. Mid February, Southern England, 6-12 inches, substantial drifting taking place. 29th March gave Scotland snow. A memorable year. Snowy.
I am going to summarise the past 20 years. The late 80s saw little snowfall, ranging from generally no snowfall : 1988-90 (a couple of terrible winters, like that of 1998-00, correlation there) to 12 inches (Scotland, late November 1985) the early 90s were different.
1990-91 saw 8 inches of snow in the Midlands in early December 1990, with 2 foot drifts in Derbyshire. In early January there was 1 foot of snowfall in Northern Scotland. In mid February there was general snowfall, with Bingley in Yorkshire seeing a whopping 20 inches!
1991-93 saw little or no snowfall though, a disappointment.
1993-96 weren't so bad though, with falls of up to 40cm in Leeds (January 25th 1995 I remember 1995 very well, it was a good year for snow, the coldest temperature since records began recorded in Braemar, Scotland) In 1993 there was a white Christmas in South Wales (yippee!) and Wessex. Before that, there was some snow for Scotland and Wales (6 inches 20th-24th December) and 4-8 inches of snow in late November for the Eastern spine of the UK. The IOW (Isle of Wight) to Lincolnshire saw 6 inches in early January. Mid February (1994) saw 4 inches in Northern England. Late February had 1ft of snow in Eastern Scotland. 1994-95 saw many falls of up to 40cm throughout the UK. I remember walking home from school in early march 1995 with a blizzard commensing, 15cm in total, we were off school for a week! As I said above, Leeds saw 40cm of snow in 3 hours in late January 1995! Late March also saw snow for the Northern half of England, 35cm widely here. 1995-96 saw snow on Christmas Eve/ Day in Scotland and the North East, with 35cm falling in the Shetlands. The end of January (South East) and early February (North West: Lancashire 13cm, 2 foot drifts) and also South West Scotland seeing some aswell. Mid February saw some more in the South, before some more to end the season in mid March (East).
1997-00, hardly any snow, 1999-00 virtually snowless, so not a very good end to the millenium, in terms of snowfall, anyway.
Into the current century, not much has passed yet of course, but what does the future hold?
2000-01:Not a bad year in terms of snow, especially for the North. Late December saw a general fall of around 4 inches, Glasgow and Belfast seeing 8 inches though. Mid January saw the next snow, this time affecting Central and Eastern areas. A few days later, and the Chilterns saw some of the white stuff. Early February, more snow, Eastern Scotland and North East England getting 12-18 inches over 300m! Not bad! Aboyne getting a respectable 2ft! Late February the next fall, South East Scotland , N. Ireland and Northern England., getting it good, with Lanark recording a massive 2ft of snow! A pleasing year in terms of snowfall, certainly for the North anyway.
2001-02: Little snow, a disappointing year for me.
2002-03:A different winter, in that zonality wasn't persistantly there, in fact High Pressure easily dominated affairs after mid January. Some good snowfalls of up to 2 inches here in South Wales (200m asl) and the South East seeing quite a bit. London getting the most snow its seen for a good while. Easterly winds occasionally, brinign temperatures down a lot, with a very cold continent contributing. I recorded -15c windchill in early February! Scotland unlucky though, not seeing as much as 2000-01, Esterlies no the best wind direction for the North. A very dry winter overall, after early flooding in January. Astonishingly different to the 90s in terms of sunshine and rain totals. A good winter, although no where near snowy enough here in South Wales.
2003-04: Fairly good in terms of snowfall, in comparison to many recent Winters anyway. Snow fell as early as October in parts of Scotland, and there were a few flurries further South and some general sleet on October 22nd over high ground. Before Christmas, some snow fell 22nd, for parts of Scotland and Eastern England. Snow did fall elsewhere but it didn't really amount to much. On New Years Eve/Day wet snow fell for a time, particularly across Northern England and over high ground, where several cm's fell. In mid January snow fell fairly widely across mid Wales and the Midlands, with high ground in Powys recording upwards of 6 inches.Snow also fell across Northern England the next day, with over 6 inches in Northumberland. January 28th saw an almost countrywide blizzard, although very short, it left a few inches over parts of Southern England, particularly the East. Late February, and snow fell on 26th, 27th and 28th, mostly in the North and North East with showers giving 6 inches or more to sea level in NE Scotland and Eastern England, but on 27th Wales, Northern Ireland and SW England got over 6 inches in places, particularly over high ground and in Western Wales, where as much as 10 inches fell over high ground. 12th March saw as much as 10 inches of snow for parts of SW England and Wales, with some parts of South Wales seeing more, particularly over high ground. A fairly good Winter, not spectacular!
2004/05: Generally below average snow across the country, despite the cold spell in late February/March, and frequent westerly winds. There was a frontal snow event on 18 November, bringing accumulations to the Midlands in particular, and also snow showers in NE Scotland on the 18th and 19th. December was a westerly month but there was a cold north-westerly incursion on Christmas Day, bringing snow showers to the north and west, and a white Christmas for some.
Westerlies continued during January with the only notable snow event being another NW'ly incursion on the 18th, with big but brief snowstorms over Northern Ireland and south-west Scotland.
February was another fairly mild month with frequent anticyclonic north-westerly regimes. There was a northerly blast around the 13th, but as the Arctic was unusually warm, there was little in the way of snow however a rather more potent northerly occurred on the 19th/20th with snow showers in the northeast. The last third of February and early March had persistent easterly winds and snow showers, but generally limited accumulations on the ground. Inland parts of south-east Scotland, north-east England and Kent, however, often had significant accumulations. Overall this easterly spell disappointed many snow lovers.
2005/06: This winter was widely close to average snow-wise. A significant snow event affected south-west England on the 25th November with snow showers and local thunder, and accumulations even in places like Plymouth and Exeter. Snow also affected Scotland and the northeast but this turned to rain later in the day. Further snow on 28 November, especially affecting the Midlands and north-west England.
December was mostly sunny and fairly cold with high pressure there was a brief northerly on the 17th with snow showers for Norfolk, and a cold easterly on the 27th-29th brought many snow showers to eastern districts. Not much snow to speak of during January and February (the late February '06 easterly was even less potent than the Feb '05 one), but this changed into March. A northerly airstream during first week March brought snow showers for many, with 50cm in northeast Scotland and thundersnow widely reported around Aberdeen. More heavy snowfalls on the 12th March, which especially affected western Britain. Further snow in early April, with heavy snowstorm in north-east England on the 8th, and in south-east England late on the 9th.
2006/07:A largely snowless winter, with persistent westerly winds, but with one northerly outbreak per month in January, February and March. Snow in south-west Scotland on 17/18 November, mainly high ground, from the winter's only polar maritime westerly snow event. Heavy temporary snow over Scotland on 18 January, and this cold air spread south with a frontal snow event, especially affecting southern Britain, on the 23rd/24th. Into February, there was a northerly blast on the 5th-7th with snow showers in the northeast, then the 8th and 9th had significant frontal snow over much of the country. Parts of central southern England had their first significant snow events since February 1996. There was then no more snow until 18-20 March, when a northerly blast brought sunshine and snow showers, with Scotland and the northeast quite heavily affected on the 20th.
2007/08:Another mild, largely snowless winter, but followed by some noteworthy wintry spells in early to mid spring. There were localised snow events from short-lived Arctic incursions in November, one in the Midlands on the 18th and another minor snow event in north-eastern areas on the 23rd. After a snowless December (the second in a row), a brief easterly blast brought snow showers and local thunder to eastern Scotland, NE England and Northern Ireland on the 3rd January, but mild air returned on the 4th. The rest of January was mostly mild with south-westerly winds, but further localised snow events occurred during the first half, mainly on high ground in the north. February was remarkable for its sunshine over much of England and Wales, but the only snow event of note occurred on the 1st/2nd, with high ground in northern England, plus parts of Scotland and Norfolk, briefly affected.
Spring 2008 contained somewhat more wintry weather, with a brief NW'ly on the 3rd which brought snow showers to western areas, and lying snow to western Scotland. Cold northerly winds persisted throughout the Easter weekend with frequent, albeit generally slight, snowfalls, with northeast Scotland and East Anglia most heavily hit. For many parts, though, the most significant snow event of the "winter" occurred on 6-7 April, with widespread heavy snowfalls and accumulations, and maxima of just 2 or 3C in some places.
2008/9 The Winter of 2008/9 bought a mixed bag but overall was cooler than average with some notably cold spells. December started on the cold side before becoming milder after mid-month but between Christmas and New Year the cold returned with a vengeance on a biting easterly wind.
The cold continued into January too before gradually petering out during the second week with the remainder of the month twoing and froing between cooler and milder spells of weather. The cold start meant that it was the coldest January since 2005 in England and Wales.
February started with more cold weather and some significant falls of snow, but the cold slowly eased through the month to leave temperatures close to average overall. The winter as a whole was colder than average though and turned out to be the coldest winter since 1995/96.
2009/10December 2009 started on a mild note but it wasn't to last and from mid-month temperatures dipped with some widespread falls of snow. The cold continued right through Christmas and toward new year, which meant it was another cold December with temperatures widely 2-3c below average.
More cold and snowy weather greeted us in the new year and this continued through much of the first half of January before milder air returned for a while, although the cold did make a return by the end of the month.
The cold theme then carried through into February and although it was often cold and frosty initially,later in the month bought some major falls of snow - especially in Scotland.
Overall the winter was around 2c colder than average making it the coldest winter since 1978/9. It's also worth noting that northern Scotland saw it's coldest winter on record!
2010/11December 2010 will go down as an infamous winter month in the UK (perhaps it should be added to our famous winters run down?). Temperatures were around 5c below average which made it the coldest December in over 100 years, and there was significant and widespread snowfall to go with the cold. A good deal of the country had snow on the ground right up to and beyond Christmas.
January saw the transition to milder weather gain pace though although the northern half of the country did see some more wintry weather. The change was all relative though, as although it was considerably milder than December - it did still turn out to be colder than normal for much of the country.
February was a mild month though, with some wet and windy weather at times as Atlantic systems regularly moved in across the UK, and it was this which will stop the Winter of 2010/11 going down as a famous winter overall - in fact despite the incredibly cold December, overall it was milder than 2009/10.
23 February 1941 - History
President Obama delivers his last State of the Union Address to Congress and the nation. January 12, 2016.
Below is an actual historical (silent) video of one of the Selma to Montgomery marches.
Dr. Daniel Hale Williams c. 1900
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Brigadier General Benjamin O. Davis watches a Signal Corps crew erecting poles, somewhere in France.
Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm
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Lewis Howard Latimer
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Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Civil rights leader and journalist Ida B. Wells-Barnett made sure the world was aware of the the lynching horrors in America of Blacks (MORE)
Garrett Augustus Morgan
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Both The Bolshevik Revolution and the subsequent society created by the Bolshevik
Bolshevik was not communist due to the Laws that were changed, and the way that the country changed. Because the of War Communism, people became pushed aside again. Grain requisitioning, this is when the Bolshevik were sending units of the Red guard into the country side to find grain for the hard-pressed cities. The banning of private, All private trade were banned, but the state trading was very chaotic and was not producing enough products, so the black market started in
Pinching the codes
By then the greatest threat to the Allied war effort came from attacks on their ship convoys in the North Atlantic. As a result, Bletchley's resources were concentrated on breaking Enigma codes used by German U-boats in this sphere of war. If the Allies could find out in advance where U-boats were hunting, they could direct their ships, carrying crucial supplies from North America, away from these danger zones.
So began one of the most exciting periods of Enigma code-breaking. Even in 1940 Bletchley had had some success in breaking Enigma keys used by the German navy.
It soon became clear that the best way of keeping up with rapid changes in ciphers and related technology was to capture Enigma machines and code-books on board German vessels.
In the Admiralty, where the Operational Intelligence Centre (OIC) was a leading user of Ultra, Commander Ian Fleming, Personal Assistant to the Director of Naval Intelligence, showed his talent for fantastical plots when he suggested a plan (known as Operation Ruthless) to crash-land a captured German plane in the English channel, and to overpower the patrol boat that came to rescue its supposed survivors, thereby gaining access to Enigma materials. The plan was never implemented.
. the German trawler Krebs was captured off Norway, complete with two Enigma machines .
A break-through came in March 1941, however, when the German trawler Krebs was captured off Norway, complete with two Enigma machines and the Naval Enigma settings list for the previous month. This allowed German Naval Enigma to be read, albeit with some delay, in April, by codebreakers at Bletchley.
Around this time, Harry Hinsley, a Bletchley codebreaker, suggested that German weather and supply ships, as well as war ships, probably carried Naval Enigma details. This idea was proved correct when, in May 1941, the German weather ship München was attacked and found with Enigma code-books for June on board.
The capture of the supply ship Gedania and weather ship Lauenburg in June yielded codebooks for the following month, and opened the way to the reading of Naval Enigma almost concurrently with events.
The ambush of three German U-boats off Cape Verde in September, however, coupled with a dramatic fall in the number of Allied ships sunk in the North Atlantic, led the German Admiral Karl Dönitz to question if the navy's cipher had been compromised.
Although he was dissuaded by his experts, the Germans redoubled their efforts to tighten Enigma's security, and the Bletchley Park codebreakers, realising what they were up against, wrote to British Prime Minster Winston Churchill complaining that they were not being given enough resources. Churchill replied with a famous 'Action This Day' memorandum: 'Make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this had been done'.
U.S.-Soviet Alliance, 1941–1945
Although relations between the Soviet Union and the United States had been strained in the years before World War II, the U.S.-Soviet alliance of 1941–1945 was marked by a great degree of cooperation and was essential to securing the defeat of Nazi Germany. Without the remarkable efforts of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front, the United States and Great Britain would have been hard pressed to score a decisive military victory over Nazi Germany.
As late as 1939, it seemed highly improbable that the United States and the Soviet Union would forge an alliance. U.S.-Soviet relations had soured significantly following Stalin’s decision to sign a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany in August of 1939. The Soviet occupation of eastern Poland in September and the “Winter War” against Finland in December led President Franklin Roosevelt to condemn the Soviet Union publicly as a “dictatorship as absolute as any other dictatorship in the world,” and to impose a “moral embargo” on the export of certain products to the Soviets. Nevertheless, in spite of intense pressure to sever relations with the Soviet Union, Roosevelt never lost sight of the fact that Nazi Germany, not the Soviet Union, posed the greatest threat to world peace. In order to defeat that threat, Roosevelt confided that he “would hold hands with the devil” if necessary.
Following the Nazi defeat of France in June of 1940, Roosevelt grew wary of the increasing aggression of the Germans and made some diplomatic moves to improve relations with the Soviets. Beginning in July of 1940, a series of negotiations took place in Washington between Under-Secretary of State Sumner Welles and Soviet Ambassador Constantine Oumansky. Welles refused to accede to Soviet demands that the United States recognize the changed borders of the Soviet Union after the Soviet seizure of territory in Finland, Poland, and Romania and the reincorporation of the Baltic Republics in August 1940, but the U.S. Government did lift the embargo in January 1941. Furthermore, in March of 1941, Welles warned Oumansky of a future Nazi attack against the Soviet Union. Finally, during the Congressional debate concerning the passage of the Lend-Lease bill in early 1941, Roosevelt blocked attempts to exclude the Soviet Union from receiving U.S. assistance.
The most important factor in swaying the Soviets eventually to enter into an alliance with the United States was the Nazi decision to launch its invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. President Roosevelt responded by dispatching his trusted aide Harry Lloyd Hopkins to Moscow in order to assess the Soviet military situation. Although the War Department had warned the President that the Soviets would not last more than six weeks, after two one-on-one meetings with Soviet Premier Josef Stalin , Hopkins urged Roosevelt to assist the Soviets. By the end of October, the first Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union was on its way. The United States entered the war as a belligerent in late 1941 and thus began coordinating directly with the Soviets, and the British, as allies.
Several issues arose during the war that threatened the alliance. These included the Soviet refusal to aide the Polish Home Army during the Warsaw Uprising of August 1944, and the decision of British and U.S. officials to exclude the Soviets from secret negotiations with German officers in March of 1945 in an effort to secure the surrender of German troops in Italy. The most important disagreement, however, was over the opening of a second front in the West. Stalin’s troops struggled to hold the Eastern front against the Nazi forces, and the Soviets began pleading for a British invasion of France immediately after the Nazi invasion in 1941. In 1942, Roosevelt unwisely promised the Soviets that the Allies would open the second front that autumn. Although Stalin only grumbled when the invasion was postponed until 1943, he exploded the following year when the invasion was postponed again until May of 1944. In retaliation, Stalin recalled his ambassadors from London and Washington and fears soon arose that the Soviets might seek a separate peace with Germany.
In spite of these differences, the defeat of Nazi Germany was a joint endeavor that could not have been accomplished without close cooperation and shared sacrifices. Militarily, the Soviets fought valiantly and suffered staggering casualties on the Eastern Front. When Great Britain and the United States finally invaded northern France in 1944, the Allies were finally able to drain Nazi Germany of its strength on two fronts. Finally, two devastating atomic bomb attacks against Japan by the United States, coupled with the Soviets’ decision to break their neutrality pact with Japan by invading Manchuria, finally led to the end of the war in the Pacific.
The Yalta Conference, 1945
The Yalta Conference took place in a Russian resort town in the Crimea from February 4–11, 1945, during World War Two. At Yalta, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin made important decisions regarding the future progress of the war and the postwar world.
The Allied leaders came to Yalta knowing that an Allied victory in Europe was practically inevitable but less convinced that the Pacific war was nearing an end. Recognizing that a victory over Japan might require a protracted fight, the United States and Great Britain saw a major strategic advantage to Soviet participation in the Pacific theater. At Yalta, Roosevelt and Churchill discussed with Stalin the conditions under which the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan and all three agreed that, in exchange for potentially crucial Soviet participation in the Pacific theater, the Soviets would be granted a sphere of influence in Manchuria following Japan’s surrender. This included the southern portion of Sakhalin, a lease at Port Arthur (now Lüshunkou), a share in the operation of the Manchurian railroads, and the Kurile Islands. This agreement was the major concrete accomplishment of the Yalta Conference.
The Allied leaders also discussed the future of Germany, Eastern Europe and the United Nations. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed not only to include France in the postwar governing of Germany, but also that Germany should assume some, but not all, responsibility for reparations following the war. The Americans and the British generally agreed that future governments of the Eastern European nations bordering the Soviet Union should be “friendly” to the Soviet regime while the Soviets pledged to allow free elections in all territories liberated from Nazi Germany. Negotiators also released a declaration on Poland, providing for the inclusion of Communists in the postwar national government. In discussions regarding the future of the United Nations, all parties agreed to an American plan concerning voting procedures in the Security Council, which had been expanded to five permanent members following the inclusion of France. Each of these permanent members was to hold a veto on decisions before the Security Council.
Improvements and fixes in the update
The following update will be delivered as multiple updates when you view your update history:
System Firmware Update – 2/24/2016
Intel Corporation driver update for Intel® HD Graphics Family
Let wel: When Surface updates are provided via the Windows Update service, they are delivered in stages to Surface customers. As a result, not every Surface will receive the update at the same time, but the update will be delivered to all devices. If you have not received the update then please manually check Windows Update later.
Surface Pro System Aggregator Firmware update (v2.4.450.0) eliminates instances where the device wakes randomly.
Surface Cover Audio driver update (v2.0.306.0) improves system stability when detaching the cover.
Microsoft Surface ACPI-Compliant Control Method Battery driver update (v1.2.0.2) ensures correct surface driver is installed.
Intel® HD Graphics Family driver update (v20.19.15.4331) improves color calibration and system stability.
Intel® Display Audio driver update (v6.16.00.3189) supports compatibility with the updated HD Graphics Family driver.
The following update will be listed as “Intel Corporation driver update for Intel(R) HD Graphics Family” when you view your update history.
Let wel: When Surface updates are provided via the Windows Update service, they are delivered in stages to Surface customers. As a result, not every Surface will receive the update at the same time, but the update will be delivered to all devices. If you have not received the update, please manually check Windows Update later.
HD Graphics Family driver update (v10.18.15.4256) improves graphics performance and stability on Windows 10.
The following updates will be listed as “System Firmware Update – 7/23/2015” or “System Hardware Update – 7/23/2015” when you view your update history.
Let wel: When Surface updates are provided via the Windows Update service, they are delivered in stages to Surface customers. As a result, not every Surface will receive the update at the same time, but the update will be delivered to all devices. If you have not received the update, please manually check Windows Update later.
HD Graphics Family driver update (v10.18.15.4248) improves graphics performance and stability on Windows 10.
Surface Integration driver update (v2.0.304.0) resolves the issue where Surface would wake from sleep by itself.
The following updates will be listed as “System Firmware Update – 5/19/2015” when you view your update history.
Let wel: When Surface updates are provided via the Windows Update service, they are delivered in stages to Surface customers. As a result, not every Surface will receive the update at the same time, but the update will be delivered to all devices. If you have not received the update, please manually check Windows Update later.
Surface Pro UEFI update (v2.5.250.0) includes changes needed for compatibility with the updated graphics driver.
HD Graphics Family driver update (v10.18.14.4170) improves graphic performance and includes better Miracast (wireless display) support.
Display Audio driver update (v6.16.00.3172) improves audio experience and supports compatibility with the updated graphics driver.
The following updates will be listed as “System Firmware Update – 1/15/2015” when you view your update history.
Let wel: When Surface updates are provided via the Windows Update service, they are delivered in stages to Surface customers. As a result, not every Surface will receive the update at the same time, but the update will be delivered to all devices. If you have not received the update, please manually check Windows Update later.
Surface Pro UEFI update (v2.05.0150) improves the PXE boot experience with the 1 gigabit Surface Ethernet Adapter and further enhances the system security.
HD Graphics Family driver update (v10.18.14.4029) enhances display stability and performance, improves user experience when using Miracast adapters, and improves compatibility with DisplayPort monitors and daisy chaining.
The following updates will be listed as “System Hardware Update – 7/8/2014” in the Windows Update History.
Let wel: When Surface updates are provided via the Windows Update service, they are delivered in stages to Surface customers. As a result, not every Surface will receive the update at the same time, but the update will be delivered to all devices. If you have not received the update, please manually check Windows Update later.
Wireless Network Controller (v14.69.24054.176) enables functionality on wireless networks using hidden SSIDs.
The following updates will be listed as “System Firmware Update – 6/10/2014” when you view your update history.
Surface Pro UEFI (v2.4.950.0) and Surface Pro Embedded Controller Firmware (v24.1.50.0) updates enhance system stability with microSD products, improve compatibility with Power Cover, and increase the reliability of sleep state transitions. Surface Pro UEFI update also provides support for PXE boot with the new Surface Ethernet Adapter.
Surface Pro System Aggregator Firmware (v2.4.350.0) update improves sleep state transitions when a Surface Cover is attached.
Surface Accessory Device (v2.0.287.0) update improves sleep state transitions when a Surface Cover is attached.
Surface Power Cover Firmware Update (v2.0.288.0) improves reliability when the Power Cover is attached to Surface and folded behind Surface.
HD Graphics Family (v10.18.10.3496) update improves Miracast wireless display experience and enhances display stability.
The following updates will be listed as “System Firmware Update – 3/11/2014” when you view your update history.
Surface Pro UEFI (v2.04.0450) improves
experience when using BitLocker so that a Surface Cover can provide PIN input.
Surface Touch Cover 2 Firmware Update Device (v2.0.262.0) update improves multiple finger support on the touchpad.
Surface Type Cover 2 Firmware Update Device (v2.0.262.0) update improves multiple finger support on the touchpad.
Surface Power Cover Firmware Update Device (v2.0.268.0) provides support for Surface Power Cover.
Surface Cover Telemetry (v2.0.229.0) improves stability and experience for Surface Covers.
Marvell AVASTAR 350N Wireless Network Controller (v14.69.24052.168) resolves wireless network connectivity issues.
Marvell AVASTAR Wireless Composite Device (v14.69.24052.168) improves Miracast support.
Marvell AVASTAR Bluetooth ® Radio Adapter (v14.69.24052.168) updated as part of a driver package that includes the Marvell Wireless Network Controller and Marvell Wireless Composite Device. There are no Bluetooth updates in this version of the driver.
Intel(R) Display Audio (v6.16.00.3135) improves Miracast support.
Intel(R) HD Graphics Family (v10.18.10.3431) improves Miracast support and enables daisy chaining of monitors using DisplayPort 1.2.
Intel WiDi Audio Device (v4.5.44.0) improves Miracast support.
Surface Display Panel (v1.0.2.0) provides tuning to the Surface display calibration.
Surface Pro Embedded Controller Firmware (v24.00.50)
Resolves issue where Surface would not go into hibernation.
Resolves issue where available battery percentage was reported incorrectly.
Surface Pro System Aggregator Firmware (v2.04.0150)
Resolves issue where Surface would reset upon repeated attaching and detaching of Surface Cover.
Resolves issue where On Screen Keyboard would unexpectedly pop up even though Surface Cover is attached.
Resolves issue where Surface Cover is not detected after wake up from sleep.
Surface Touch Cover 2 Firmware Update Device (v2.0.228.0) update improves two-finger touchpad use.
Surface Type Cover 2 Firmware Update Device (v2.0.226.0) update improves two-finger touchpad use.
Updated UEFI firmware, version 2.04.0350, to resolve behavior where the Surface failed to enter sleep while idle, reducing battery life.
Performance optimization for Touch Cover 2 and Type Cover 2.
Battery life improvements.
System performance and stability improvements.
Wi-Fi network performance improvements.